Endocrine Chapter 10

Question 1

Scientific name of Pineal Gland

Answer 1

Epiphysis

Question 2

Pineal Gland regulates the _______ through the production and secretion of ______

Answer 2

Circadian rhythm; melatonin

Question 3

Important precursors of pineal gland (epiphysis0

Answer 3

Tryptophan + serotonin

Question 4

Thyroid Gland is located ….

Answer 4

Anterior aspect of the trachea just inferior to the larynx (adams apple)

Question 5

What are the thyroid hormones

Answer 5

T3 + T4

Question 6

Thyroid hormone enters the target cell, bind to receptors within the cell’s ______, and initiate _______ of ______ for protein synthesis

Answer 6

Nucleus; transcription of mRNA

Question 7

Difference between T3 + T4?

Answer 7

T4 has an extra iodine Adam, T3 only has 3

Question 8

Thyroid hormone affects virtually ____ cell in the body

Answer 8

Every

Question 9

What does the Thyroid hormones do?

Answer 9

Increase basal metabolic rate, body heat production, regulate tissue growth + development

Question 10

Someone that has an excess of thyroid hormone:

Answer 10

Typically have a very high activity level, very fidgety, often feel warm, because their metabolism is running fast and often

Question 11

Someone that has an insufficient amount of thyroid hormone:

Answer 11

Sluggish, tired, cold, their metabolism is moving slow

Question 12

T/F

The thyroid is the only endocrine gland that stores its hormones extracellularly in large quantities.

Answer 12

TRUE. It stores enough hormones to last 2-3 months!

Question 13

Calcitonin is released from the ____cells

Answer 13

Parafollicular cells (C-cells)

Question 14

Calcitonins job is to:

Answer 14

Lower blood calcium levels

Question 15

Osteoblasts are:

Answer 15

Bone- BUILDING cells. Blast-Building

Question 16

Osteoclast:

Answer 16

Bone-CRUSHING cells. Breaking down the bone

Question 17

Calcitonin inhibits _____ activity, inhibiting bone resorption and the release of calcium from the bony matrix.

Answer 17

Osteoclast

Question 18

Why are parafollicular (C-cells) released?

Answer 18

In response to a rise in blood calcium levels

Question 19

How does calcitonin counteract the regulatory effects of the parathyroid glands?

Answer 19

By promoting osteoblast activity

Question 20

Parathyroid glands location:

Answer 20

Very small glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid

Question 21

Parathyroid glands produce and secrete:

Answer 21

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 22

Why is PTH an important hormone?

Answer 22

Plays a critical role in controlling calcium concentration in the blood.

Question 23

PTH increases ____ levels in the blood by _____

Answer 23

Calcium; stimulating 3 target organs. (Skeleton, kidneys, intestine)

Question 24

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases calcium levels by stimulating the skeleton how?

Answer 24

Stimulates osteoclasts (bone crushing) to digest some of the calcium rich bony matrix + release calcium and phosphates into the blood.

Question 25

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases calcium levels by stimulating the Intestine how?

Answer 25

Parathyroid hormone promotes the activation of vitamin D thereby increasing absorption of calcium by intestinal mucosal cell

Question 26

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases calcium levels by stimulating the kidneys how?

Answer 26

Enhances the reabsorption of calcium.

Question 27

PTH ____ blood calcium levels, while calcitonin _____ it.

Answer 27

Raises; Lowers

Question 28

Adrenal Glands are also called the ____

Answer 28

Supra-renal (above kidneys)

Question 29

Why are adrenal hormones important?

Answer 29

They help us cope with stressful circumstances in some way.

Question 30

Within the adrenal glands we have the Adrenal ____ and the Adrenal ___

Answer 30

Cortex; Medulla

Question 31

Adrenal Medulla

Answer 31

Innermost region and functions as part of the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 32

Adrenal Medulla is regulated by _____

Answer 32

Neural innervation

Question 33

Adrenal Medulla secretes____ and ______

Answer 33

Epinephrine + norepinephrine