Endocrine and Nephrology Flashcards
Diabetic Emergencies, Endocrine, Nephrology
What gland secretes anti-diuretic hormone
Posterior pituitary gland
What does antidiuretic hormone do
controls water balance and blood pressure by preventing fluid loss
Thyroid hormone is primarily responsible for
metabolism
The thymus gland is located
Infront of the ascending aorta
The pineal gland secretes
Melatonin
The master gland is
The pituitary gland
Stage 5 kidney disease is characterized by a GFR of
<15
What surrounds the glomerulus
Bowmans capsule
The pituitary gland connects to the hypothalamus via the
Infundibulum
Giantism and dwarfism are
pituitary disorders
The loop of henle
absorbs water and sodium from urine
What stimulates red blood cell production in bone marrow
erythropoietin
What in the kidneys filters blood
Bowmans capsule
The functional unit in the kidneys is the
Nephron
The kidneys
control blood pressure, filter out waste from the body, produce urine
Acute renal failure may be characterized by
decreased urine output or blood in the urine
Where is glucagon produced
A-cells of islets of Langerhans
Where is insulin produced
B-cells of islets of Langerhans
Glucagon MOA
Converts glycogen stores into glucose. Stimulates gluconeogenesis in liver and kidneys
Insulin MOA
Opens cells to allow for glucose to enter. Stimulates storage in liver, muscles, and adipose tissue
Juvenile onset diabetes is
Type I diabetes
Adult-onset diabetes
Diabetes type II
Type I diabetes MOA
Destruction of B-cells due to autoimmune response. Limited or no production of insulin.
Type II diabetes MOA
Insulin is present but not effective. B-cells are diminished. Target organs are resistant to the insulin.
Type III diabetes
Thought to be dementia
What type of diabetes is more common?
Type II
What organ doesn’t need insulin to receive glucose?
The brain (And liver)
3 Ps of Hyperglycemia
Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia
Hyperglycemia S/S
Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia, Weight loss, Lethargy, Cold extremities
What two conditions may result from untreated hyperglycemia
-Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemia state (HONK)
-Ketoacidosis
DKA presents with
Abdominal tenderness, Fruity breath, Hypothermia, tachypnea, Tachycardia, Hypovolemia, Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia, Weight loss, Lethargy
Hypoglycemia S/S
Altered mental status, Tachycardia, tachypnea, Weakness, Shakiness, Brain impairment
DKA happens when
The body doesn’t have enough insulin. This prevents the body from using the glucose in the blood, and instead, the body breaks down fat for energy, releasing ketones
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemia state (HONK) happens when
High blood sugar leads to severe dehydration and highly concentrated blood. This causes a shift in osmolarity
The endocrine system
secretes hormones into the bloodstream
Anterior Pituitary hormones
-Thyroid stimulating hormone
-Luteinizing Hormone
-Follicle stimulating hormone
-Growth hormone
-Adrenocorticotropic hormone
-Prolactin
-Melanocyte- stimulating hormone
How big is the pituitary gland
The size of a pea
Posterior pituitary gland secretes
-Antidiuretic hormone
-Oxytocin
Excess of ACTH causes
Cushing’s disease
Lack of ACTH causes
Addisons disease
Lack of ADH causes
Diabetes
Excess of ADH causes
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH
The largest endocrine gland
The thyroid gland
What does Parathyroid hormone do
Regulates blood calcium
Hypersecretion of thyroid hormones causes
Graves’ disease and goiter
Hyposecretion of thyroid hormones causes
Cretinism and Myxedema
The adrenal gland secretes
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
What are the three classes of hormones the adrenal glands secrete
Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, Androgens
The testes secrete
Testosterone
The ovaries secrete
Progesterone and estrogen
The thymus secretes
Thymosin
How many nephrons are in each kidney
1000000
Name the three steps of urine formation
Glomerular filtration, Reabsorption, secretion
Bladder cancer typically begins
In the lining of the bladder
