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Pathology > Endocrine and Metabolic Systems > Flashcards

Endocrine and Metabolic Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothalamus is connected to the ______ via the _______

A

pituitary gland ; infundibulum

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2
Q

Ant. Pituitary structure

A

(adenhypophysis)
glandular tissue

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3
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

Infudibulum and posterior lobe

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4
Q

Part of brain that connects to NS

A

hypothalamus

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5
Q

Exocrine Gland

A

produce non-hormonal substances
have ducts to carry membrane surface

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6
Q

Endocrine Gland

A

Produce hormones
Lack ducts

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7
Q

Name the stimuli that stimulate endocrine glands to synthesize and release hormones

A

Humoral stimuli
Neural stimuli
Hormonal

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8
Q

Example of humoral stimuli

A

increase in Ca in blood triggers PTH

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9
Q

Example of neural stimuli

A

SNS can stimulate adrenal gland to release E and NE

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10
Q

Example of hormonal stimuli

A

hormones released by hypothalamus trigger release of hormones from pituitary

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11
Q

Endocrine system functions

A

differentiation of reproductive and CNS of fetus
growth and development of adolescent
coordination of male and female reproductive system
responses to emergency
homeostasis

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12
Q

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

A

ADH
Oxytocin

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13
Q

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

A

Prolactin
GH
TSH
FSH
LH
ACTH

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14
Q

Effector hormones of AP

A

Act on peripheral tissue
GH, PRL

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15
Q

Tropic hormones of AP

A

Stimulating hormones
Act on endocrine glands
ACTH, THS, LH, FSH

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16
Q

Posterior pituitary secretes which type of hormones?

A

Effector

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17
Q

Growth Hormone

A

promote increased growth in long bones and other tissues

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18
Q

TSH

A

stimulates thyroid gland to produce hormones

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19
Q

ACTH

A

stimulates adrenal cortex to produce corticosteroids to maintain BP, control electrolytes, promote glucose flow in blood

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20
Q

Prolactin

A

production of milk

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21
Q

LH and FSH

A

menstrual cycle and oogenesis
testicular hormones and spermatogenesis

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22
Q

ADH

A

osmotic regulation

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23
Q

Oxytocin

A

contractions of smooth muscle for breast feeding and contraction of uterus during labor

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24
Q

Thyroid Gland Secretions

A

T3, T4, calcitonin

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25
Q

Thyroid hormone functions

A

regulates normal growth and development of skeletal, nervous, and reproductive capabilities
maintains BP

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26
Q

Parathyroid gland secretion

A

PTH

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27
Q

PTH functions

A

regulates Ca and PO
reabsorption of Ca and PO from bone
Reabsorption of Ca and excretion of PO by kidneys

28
Q

Adrenal Cortex secretions

A

Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids-Cortisol
Sex steroids

29
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Aldosterone-regulates NA reabsorption and K secretion
regulation of BP

30
Q

Glucocorticoids-Cortisol

A

accelerates glucose synthesis and glycogen formation
anti-inflammatory

31
Q

Hypo cortisol

32
Q

Hyper cortisol

33
Q

Sex steroids

A

Androgens that influence sexual characteristics

34
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

produces E and NE for fight or flight

35
Q

ADH

A

Stimulated by increased osmolarity
decreased blood volume or pressure

36
Q

Endocrine pancreas

A

Produces glucagon from alpha cells to raise blood sugar
Produces insulin from beta cells to facilitate glucose transport, storage, protein synthesis and free fatty acid uptake

37
Q

Insulin deficiency leads to

A

DM (hyperglycemia)

38
Q

Insulin excess leads to

A

hypoglycemia

39
Q

Endocrine pathology results from

A

inflammation or tumor

40
Q

Pituitary tumor (secreting)

A

produce an excess of 1 or more pituitary hormones, most commonly prolactin

41
Q

Pituitary tumor (nonsecreting)

A

do not secrete hormones and are often undiagnosed

42
Q

microadenomas

A

tumors less than 1cm

43
Q

macroadenomas

A

tumors greater than 1cm

44
Q

Invasiveness of pituitary tumors

A

may extend into dura mater and sphenoid bone

45
Q

Pituitary tumors can also affect

A

hypothalamus
visual deficit
headache

46
Q

Galactorrhea

A

milk production outside of pregnancy or breastfeeding

47
Q

Amenorrhea

A

absence of menstrual periods

48
Q

Hyper GH in children

A

gigantism
overgrowth of long bones in children
before closure of epiphyseal plates
large but weak muscles

49
Q

Hyper GH in adults

A

acromegaly
increased bone thickness and hypertrophy of soft tissue in adults

50
Q

PT implications for Hyper GH

A

Post surgery
MSK pain and weakness
reduce ICP

51
Q

Hypo GH

A

dwarfism
short, delayed growth and puberty, hypothyroidism
sexual and repro. disorders

52
Q

PT implications for dwarfism

A

rarely seen

53
Q

Hyper ADH

A

SIADH
excessive release of ADH
water intoxication
hyponatremia
headache from low sodium and seizure
increase BP

54
Q

Hypo ADH

A

Diabetes insipidus
Kidneys fail to reabsorb water
Large amounts of dilute urine, polydipsia (excessive thirst), dehydration, dizziness

55
Q

PT implications for ADH disorders

A

monitor weight and vitals

56
Q

Hypothryroidsim

A

deficiency of T hormones
slow metabolism
swelling
bedsore
bradycardia
hair loss
cold intolerance
constipation

57
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

excess thyroid hormone
tachycardia
restless
hot skin
excitbale
weight loss
hot intolerance
diarrhea
deep tendon reflexes
dysphagia
swelling of neck

58
Q

hypothyroid implications

A

activity intolernce, prone to skin tears and fibromyalgia

59
Q

hyperthyroid implications

A

monitor vital signs, exercise intolerance

60
Q

Hypothyroidism may be seen with what other disorders

A

Women with RA

61
Q

exopthalmos

A

protruding eyes

62
Q

hyperparathyroidism leads to

A

hypercalcemia
bone and kidney damage

63
Q

hyperparathyroidism signs

A

osteoperosis
excessive urination
arthritis
kidney stones
depression and confusion

64
Q

PT implications for hyperparathyroidism

A

low back pain, leg pain, semifowler position if gland removed, light resistance exercise

65
Q

hypoparathyroidism can lead to

A

hypocalcemia and neuromuscular inability

66
Q

hypoparathyroidism signs

A

muscle spasms
dizziness
fatigue
swallowing issues
mood swings
memory and cognitive problems

Pathology (7 decks)

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