Endocrine Anatomy (plus a wee bit of renal at the end) Flashcards
what are the main anatomical organs of the endocrine system
hypothalamus pituitary thyroid parathyroid pancreas
what connects the hypothalamus and the pituiatry
pituitary stalk
what are the 3 parts of the pituitary gland
pars anterior pars intermedia pars nervosa (post)
where is the pituitary in the skull
pituitary fossa
what are the features of the pars nervosa 3 and what do they secrete/ function
- pituicytes (supporting cells)
- unmyelinated nerve fibres: secrete oxytocin and anti-diuretic horomone (vasopressin) produced in the hypothalamus
- herring bodies (neurosecretory material)
features of the pars anterior 5 and what do they secrete 7
- numerous cells arranged in cords
- large capillaries sinusoids
- 2 cell types: chromophobes and chromophils
- chromophils secrete hormones: somatotrophin, thyrotropin tsh, FSH, LH, prolactin, adrenocorticotrophin acth, melanocyte stimulating hormone
(acidophils and basophils= chromophils)
pars intermedia features
poorly developed
may be producing minor sub unit stuff
colouring of pars anterior versus pars nervosa
pars anterior= dark red
pars nervosa= pink
what is the blood supply to pituitary
superior and inferior hypophysial arteries from internal carotid
how does the hypothalamus influence the pituitary nervosa
hormones secreted onto hypot cause nerve transmission to pituitary causing pit to release (hypot neurones)
how does the hypothalamus influence the pit anterior
hypothalamus communicates with anterior pit via pituitary blood vessels through producing hormones that stimulating/ inhibiting hormone release from pit
features of the thyroid
below adams apple or laryngeal prominence
what joins the right and left lobes of the larynx
the isthmus
covered in a connective capsule with blood carried into gland via septa from capsule
what 2 types of cells does the thyroid have and shape/secretion
- follicular cells: simple cuboidal epithelium lining a central colloid (thyroglobulin) filled lumen
- parafollicular cells ie between follicles that secrete calcitonin to reduce blood plasma calcium levels
blood supply to the thyroid and veins and their supplies
superior thyroid artery= external carotid artery
inferior thyroid artery= thyrocervical trunk- subclavian artery
superior thyroid veins= internal jugular vein
middle thryoid veins= internal jugular veins
inferior thyroid veins= left braciocephalic vein
histology of parathyroid glands and cell secretion
- 4 embedded in back of thyroid
- slender capsule- septa carry blood vessels into gland
- 2 cell types chief cells and oxyphil cells
- chief cells secrete PTH and increase blood plasma calcium levels
blood supply for parathyroid and veins
superior thyroid artery= external carotid artery
inferior thyroid artery= thyrocervical trunk- subclavian
superior thyroid vein= internal jug
middle thyroid vein=internal jug
inferior thyroid vein= left braciocephalic vein
histology of the pancreas cells and secretion
exocrine and endocrine (hormones) endocrine: islet of langerhans A cells 20%- glucagon B cells- Insulin 70% D cells- somatostatin 5-10%
pancreas blood supply
head: superior pancreaticduodenal- gastroduodenal and inferior pancreaticduodenal artery from SMA
neck: splenic artery
body: splenic artery
tail: splenic artery: cephalic trunk
pancreas venous supply
body and neck: splenic vein
head: superior mesenteric vein and portal vein
all goes to hepatic portal system though
exocrine function pancreas
pancreatic juices for digestion eg lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin
location of the kidneys
abdominal cavity
retroperitoneal
posterior abdominal wall
vertebral levels t12 to l3
order perienphric fat, paranephric fat, renal fascia and kidney capsule from in to out
kidney capsule
perinephric fat
renal fascia
paranephric fat
what are the main anatomical features of the kidney outside
suprarenal gland on top superior pole lateral and medial margin hilum ureter inferior pole
what 3 features are in the hilum
renal pelvis
renal artery
renal vein
what are the main anatomical features of the kidney inside
pyramids in renal medula renal column renal cortex renal papilla renal sinus renal pelvis
blood supply drainage of the kidney
renal arteries direct off abominal aorta, right longer then left as travels under ivc
drains into renal veins into IVC, left longer as cross anterior over aa
what is the endocrine component of the kidney called
the juxtaglomerular apparatus
what is the juxtaglomerular apparatus
specialisation of the glomerular afferent arteriole and distal covoluted tubule
regulates blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system RAAS
what are the 3 components of the juxtaglomerular appartus
- macula densa of the dct
- juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent arteriole
- extraglomerular mesangial cells (lacis cells)
what do juxtaglomerular cells secrete
renin
draw a nephron
glomerulus bowman's capsule efferent and afferent arteriole macula densa on dct juxtaglomerular cells of afferent arteriole extraglomerular mesangial cells loop of henle vasa recta proximal convoluted tubule distal covoluted tubule collecting tubule cross over cortex and medulla
3 arterial supply to suprarenal glands and where they arise from
- superior suprarenal arteries: inferior phrenic arteries
- middle supraarenal arteries: abdominal aorta
- inferior suprarenal arteries: renal arteries
venous drainage of suprarenal glands
right= vena cava left= into left renal vein
structure of suprarenal gland
capsule
outer cortex
inner medulla
central vein
3 parts of the cortex and what they produce
- zona glomerulosa: aldolsterone
- zona fasiculata: cortisol
- zona reticularis: androgens
what does the medulla produce
adrenaline and noradrenaline controls sympathetic system
anatomical features of the testes
ductus deferens: transports sperm to ejaculatory duct
epididymis body and tail and head
testis
seminiferous tubules: produce sperm
rete testis in mediastinum testis
lead to efferent ductules into epididymis
order of sperm
seminiferous tubules rete testis efferent ductules epididimis head body tail ductus deferens ejaculatory duct
what is the blood supply and drainage of the testis and their supply
gonadal testicular arteries from abdominal aorta L2
paminiform plexus of veins drains epidymis and tesits
-right testicular vein drains into ivc
-left drains into renal vein
what 2 cells are in the seminiferous tubules and what are their function and what do they look like
- germ cells ( sperm in various stages of development)-
- sertoli cells (supporting cells)- large pale nuclei
- leydig cells (endocrine function produce testosterone under pituitary and interstitial cell stimulating hormone icsh )
female reproductive anatomy
- ovary
- ligament of ovary
- uterine tube
- deep inguinal ring
- round ligament of uterus
- superficial inguinal ring
- bladder
- uterus
- vagina
blood supply to ovaries
arterial: ovarian arteries at l2
venous- right into ivc and left into renal vein
histology of ovaries
fallopian tube
blood vessels
degenerating corpus luteum
medulla
what produces what in ovaries and in what phase
-follicles in different stages secrete oestrogen up to ovulation=follicular phase
then ovulation then
-corpus luteum secretes progesterone and oestrogen in luteal phase
what is the uterus and what is its normal position
a muscular organ sits between the bladder and rectum
anteverted and anteflexed
label a uterus
fundus uterine tube body cervix then vagina anterior fornix and posteior internal and external os
what does anteverted anteflexed mean
axis of vagina and uterus should be anteflexed and
axis of cervix and vagina should be anteverted
blood supply to uterus
uterine artery and vein from internal iliacs
histology 3 parts of uterus and features
- endometrium: rich in glands, sheds,
- myometrium: smooth muscle layer
- serosa: outer layer
2 endometrium layers
stratum functionalis s and c
stratum basalis
difference early and late secretory uterus
early -glands in endometrium become coiled cork screw in late secretory uterus -endometrial doubles in thickness -stratum b stays consistent -glands increase in size late secretion -reduction in progesterone leads to iscemia -shed lining
the placenta function
formed from elements surrounding the fetus and the uterine endometrium
physiological exchange of faseous, excretion, hormone and metabolics
important hormone to placenta is…
the human chorionic gonadotrophin hormone hCG secreted by trophoblast cells in early pregnancy that stimulates production of progesterone to prevent corpus luteum degerating
what is the luteal-placental shift
at 8 weeks placenta takes over secretion of progesterone from the corpus luteum needed to inhibit contractions
what ribs are the kidneys under
ribs 11 and 12
arteries in the kidney 2
interlobular arteries
arcuate arteries
what is a nephron
functional unit forms urine
1-2 million each kidney
filtered blood travel through nephrons order
ie not renal artery
- proximal
- loop of henle
- distal convoluted tubule
- straight collecting duct
- main collecting duct
blood flow through the kidneys
renal artery afferent glomerulus efferent capillary network renal vein
three sites of constriction to the ureters
- uteropelvic junction
- pelvic inlet
- entrance to the bladder
main muscle of the bladder
detrusor muscle
arterial supply to the ureters 3 and venous 2
renal arteries
gonadal arteries
abdominal aorta
ureter veins drain into renal vein and gonadal
anatomical features bladder
ureter trigone internal urethral orifice fundus neck
blood supply to the bladder 2
internal iliac 2 branches
- superior vesical arteries (ant and sup)
- inferior vesical arteries (fundus and neck)
- vaginal arteries in females
difference in male and female urethra
males=20cm long
3 parts: prostatic, membranous, spongy
females=3-4cm long, terminates at clitoris and vaginal opening external urethral orifice
