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Endocrine > Endocrine Anatomy (plus a wee bit of renal at the end) > Flashcards

Endocrine Anatomy (plus a wee bit of renal at the end) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main anatomical organs of the endocrine system

A 
hypothalamus
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
pancreas
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2
Q

what connects the hypothalamus and the pituiatry

A

pituitary stalk

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3
Q

what are the 3 parts of the pituitary gland

A 
pars anterior
pars intermedia
pars nervosa (post)
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4
Q

where is the pituitary in the skull

A

pituitary fossa

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5
Q

what are the features of the pars nervosa 3 and what do they secrete/ function

A
  1. pituicytes (supporting cells)
  2. unmyelinated nerve fibres: secrete oxytocin and anti-diuretic horomone (vasopressin) produced in the hypothalamus
  3. herring bodies (neurosecretory material)
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6
Q

features of the pars anterior 5 and what do they secrete 7

A
  1. numerous cells arranged in cords
  2. large capillaries sinusoids
  3. 2 cell types: chromophobes and chromophils
  4. chromophils secrete hormones: somatotrophin, thyrotropin tsh, FSH, LH, prolactin, adrenocorticotrophin acth, melanocyte stimulating hormone
    (acidophils and basophils= chromophils)
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7
Q

pars intermedia features

A

poorly developed

may be producing minor sub unit stuff

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8
Q

colouring of pars anterior versus pars nervosa

A

pars anterior= dark red

pars nervosa= pink

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9
Q

what is the blood supply to pituitary

A

superior and inferior hypophysial arteries from internal carotid

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10
Q

how does the hypothalamus influence the pituitary nervosa

A

hormones secreted onto hypot cause nerve transmission to pituitary causing pit to release (hypot neurones)

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11
Q

how does the hypothalamus influence the pit anterior

A

hypothalamus communicates with anterior pit via pituitary blood vessels through producing hormones that stimulating/ inhibiting hormone release from pit

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12
Q

features of the thyroid

A

below adams apple or laryngeal prominence

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13
Q

what joins the right and left lobes of the larynx

A

the isthmus

covered in a connective capsule with blood carried into gland via septa from capsule

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14
Q

what 2 types of cells does the thyroid have and shape/secretion

A
  1. follicular cells: simple cuboidal epithelium lining a central colloid (thyroglobulin) filled lumen
  2. parafollicular cells ie between follicles that secrete calcitonin to reduce blood plasma calcium levels
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15
Q

blood supply to the thyroid and veins and their supplies

A

superior thyroid artery= external carotid artery
inferior thyroid artery= thyrocervical trunk- subclavian artery
superior thyroid veins= internal jugular vein
middle thryoid veins= internal jugular veins
inferior thyroid veins= left braciocephalic vein

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16
Q

histology of parathyroid glands and cell secretion

A
  1. 4 embedded in back of thyroid
  2. slender capsule- septa carry blood vessels into gland
  3. 2 cell types chief cells and oxyphil cells
  4. chief cells secrete PTH and increase blood plasma calcium levels
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17
Q

blood supply for parathyroid and veins

A

superior thyroid artery= external carotid artery
inferior thyroid artery= thyrocervical trunk- subclavian
superior thyroid vein= internal jug
middle thyroid vein=internal jug
inferior thyroid vein= left braciocephalic vein

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18
Q

histology of the pancreas cells and secretion

A 
exocrine and endocrine (hormones)
endocrine: islet of langerhans
A cells 20%- glucagon
B cells- Insulin 70%
D cells- somatostatin 5-10%
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19
Q

pancreas blood supply

A

head: superior pancreaticduodenal- gastroduodenal and inferior pancreaticduodenal artery from SMA
neck: splenic artery
body: splenic artery
tail: splenic artery: cephalic trunk

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20
Q

pancreas venous supply

A

body and neck: splenic vein
head: superior mesenteric vein and portal vein

all goes to hepatic portal system though

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21
Q

exocrine function pancreas

A

pancreatic juices for digestion eg lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin

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22
Q

location of the kidneys

A

abdominal cavity
retroperitoneal
posterior abdominal wall
vertebral levels t12 to l3

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23
Q

order perienphric fat, paranephric fat, renal fascia and kidney capsule from in to out

A

kidney capsule
perinephric fat
renal fascia
paranephric fat

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24
Q

what are the main anatomical features of the kidney outside

A 
suprarenal gland on top
superior pole
lateral and medial margin
hilum 
ureter
inferior pole
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25
Q

what 3 features are in the hilum

A

renal pelvis
renal artery
renal vein

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26
Q

what are the main anatomical features of the kidney inside

A 
pyramids in renal medula
renal column
renal cortex
renal papilla
renal sinus
renal pelvis
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27
Q

blood supply drainage of the kidney

A

renal arteries direct off abominal aorta, right longer then left as travels under ivc
drains into renal veins into IVC, left longer as cross anterior over aa

28
Q

what is the endocrine component of the kidney called

A

the juxtaglomerular apparatus

29
Q

what is the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

specialisation of the glomerular afferent arteriole and distal covoluted tubule
regulates blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system RAAS

30
Q

what are the 3 components of the juxtaglomerular appartus

A
  1. macula densa of the dct
  2. juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent arteriole
  3. extraglomerular mesangial cells (lacis cells)
31
Q

what do juxtaglomerular cells secrete

A

renin

32
Q

draw a nephron

A 
glomerulus
bowman's capsule
efferent and afferent arteriole
macula densa on dct 
juxtaglomerular cells of afferent arteriole
extraglomerular mesangial cells
loop of henle
vasa recta
proximal convoluted tubule
distal covoluted tubule
collecting tubule
cross over cortex and medulla
33
Q

3 arterial supply to suprarenal glands and where they arise from

A
  1. superior suprarenal arteries: inferior phrenic arteries
  2. middle supraarenal arteries: abdominal aorta
  3. inferior suprarenal arteries: renal arteries
34
Q

venous drainage of suprarenal glands

A 
right= vena cava
left= into left renal vein
35
Q

structure of suprarenal gland

A

capsule
outer cortex
inner medulla
central vein

36
Q

3 parts of the cortex and what they produce

A
  1. zona glomerulosa: aldolsterone
  2. zona fasiculata: cortisol
  3. zona reticularis: androgens
37
Q

what does the medulla produce

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline controls sympathetic system

38
Q

anatomical features of the testes

A

ductus deferens: transports sperm to ejaculatory duct
epididymis body and tail and head
testis
seminiferous tubules: produce sperm
rete testis in mediastinum testis
lead to efferent ductules into epididymis

39
Q

order of sperm

A 
seminiferous tubules
rete testis
efferent ductules
epididimis head body tail
ductus deferens
ejaculatory duct
40
Q

what is the blood supply and drainage of the testis and their supply

A

gonadal testicular arteries from abdominal aorta L2
paminiform plexus of veins drains epidymis and tesits
-right testicular vein drains into ivc
-left drains into renal vein

41
Q

what 2 cells are in the seminiferous tubules and what are their function and what do they look like

A
  1. germ cells ( sperm in various stages of development)-
  2. sertoli cells (supporting cells)- large pale nuclei
  3. leydig cells (endocrine function produce testosterone under pituitary and interstitial cell stimulating hormone icsh )
42
Q

female reproductive anatomy

A
  • ovary
  • ligament of ovary
  • uterine tube
  • deep inguinal ring
  • round ligament of uterus
  • superficial inguinal ring
  • bladder
  • uterus
  • vagina
43
Q

blood supply to ovaries

A

arterial: ovarian arteries at l2

venous- right into ivc and left into renal vein

44
Q

histology of ovaries

A

fallopian tube
blood vessels
degenerating corpus luteum
medulla

45
Q

what produces what in ovaries and in what phase

A

-follicles in different stages secrete oestrogen up to ovulation=follicular phase
then ovulation then
-corpus luteum secretes progesterone and oestrogen in luteal phase

46
Q

what is the uterus and what is its normal position

A

a muscular organ sits between the bladder and rectum

anteverted and anteflexed

47
Q

label a uterus

A 
fundus
uterine tube
body
cervix then vagina
anterior fornix and posteior
internal and external os
48
Q

what does anteverted anteflexed mean

A

axis of vagina and uterus should be anteflexed and

axis of cervix and vagina should be anteverted

49
Q

blood supply to uterus

A

uterine artery and vein from internal iliacs

50
Q

histology 3 parts of uterus and features

A
  1. endometrium: rich in glands, sheds,
  2. myometrium: smooth muscle layer
  3. serosa: outer layer
51
Q

2 endometrium layers

A

stratum functionalis s and c

stratum basalis

52
Q

difference early and late secretory uterus

A 
early
-glands in endometrium become coiled cork screw in late secretory uterus 
-endometrial doubles in thickness 
-stratum b stays consistent
-glands increase in size 
late secretion 
-reduction in progesterone leads to iscemia
-shed lining
53
Q

the placenta function

A

formed from elements surrounding the fetus and the uterine endometrium
physiological exchange of faseous, excretion, hormone and metabolics

54
Q

important hormone to placenta is…

A

the human chorionic gonadotrophin hormone hCG secreted by trophoblast cells in early pregnancy that stimulates production of progesterone to prevent corpus luteum degerating

55
Q

what is the luteal-placental shift

A

at 8 weeks placenta takes over secretion of progesterone from the corpus luteum needed to inhibit contractions

56
Q

what ribs are the kidneys under

A

ribs 11 and 12

57
Q

arteries in the kidney 2

A

interlobular arteries

arcuate arteries

58
Q

what is a nephron

A

functional unit forms urine

1-2 million each kidney

59
Q

filtered blood travel through nephrons order

ie not renal artery

A
  1. proximal
  2. loop of henle
  3. distal convoluted tubule
  4. straight collecting duct
  5. main collecting duct
60
Q

blood flow through the kidneys

A 
renal artery afferent
glomerulus
efferent
capillary network
renal vein
61
Q

three sites of constriction to the ureters

A
  1. uteropelvic junction
  2. pelvic inlet
  3. entrance to the bladder
62
Q

main muscle of the bladder

A

detrusor muscle

63
Q

arterial supply to the ureters 3 and venous 2

A

renal arteries
gonadal arteries
abdominal aorta
ureter veins drain into renal vein and gonadal

64
Q

anatomical features bladder

A 
ureter
trigone
internal urethral orifice 
fundus
neck
65
Q

blood supply to the bladder 2

A

internal iliac 2 branches

  1. superior vesical arteries (ant and sup)
  2. inferior vesical arteries (fundus and neck)
  3. vaginal arteries in females
66
Q

difference in male and female urethra

A

males=20cm long
3 parts: prostatic, membranous, spongy
females=3-4cm long, terminates at clitoris and vaginal opening external urethral orifice

Endocrine (14 decks)

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