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Endocrine > Endocrine Anatomy > Flashcards

Endocrine Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the hollow in the skull that houses the pituitary gland?

A

Hypophaseal fossa

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2
Q

Where does the optic chiasm sit in relation to the pituitary gland?

A

Superior

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3
Q

Which fibres of the optic nerve, nasal or temporal, cross over to the opposite side at the optic chiasm?

A

Nasal

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4
Q

What visual defect results from enlargement of the pituitary gland?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

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5
Q

Which structure connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

A

Pituitary stalk

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6
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary gland is larger?

A

Anterior

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7
Q

Which pituitary gland is glandular and manufactures hormones?

A

Anterior

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8
Q

What is the function of the posterior lobe of the pituitary?

A

Neural

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9
Q

What are the two types of chromophil?

A

Acidophils and basophils

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10
Q

What are the classes of acidophils?

A

Somatotrophs and mammotrophs

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11
Q

What are the classes of basophils?

A

Corticotrophs, thyrotrophs and gonadotrophins

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12
Q

Name the hormone secreted by somatotrophs?

A

Somatotropin (GH)

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13
Q

Name the hormone secreted by mammotrophs?

A

Prolactin

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14
Q

Name the hormones secreted by corticotrophs?

A

ACTH and MSH

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15
Q

Name the hormone secreted by thyrotrophs?

A

TSH

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16
Q

Name the hormones secreted by gonadotrophins?

A

FSH and LH

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17
Q

What are the main secretory cells in the posterior pituitary?

A

Magnocellular neurons

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18
Q

What hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary?

A

Vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin

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19
Q

What is the blood supply to the anterior pituitary?

A

Hypophysial portal system formed from the superior hypophysial artery

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20
Q

What is the blood supply to the inferior pituitary?

A

Inferior hypophysial artery

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21
Q

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary?

A

Hypophyseal portal system

22
Q

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pituitary?

A

Pituitary stalk

23
Q

What is the venous drainage of the pituitary gland?

A

Hypophyseal veins into the cavernous sinus

24
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

Between the thyroid gland and the 6th tracheal ring

25
Q

What is the vertebral level of the thyroid gland?

A

C5-T1

26
Q

What is the location of the isthmus of the thyroid gland?

A

Opposite the 2nd - 4th tracheal rings

27
Q

Name three strap muscles that lie over the thyroid gland?

A

Sternohyoid, sternothyroid and omohyoid

28
Q

Name two nerves that supply the vocal cords and their relation to the thyroid gland?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve: runs between trachea and oesophagus
External laryngeal nerve: lies close to the superior thyroid artery

29
Q

From which major artery does the superior thyroid artery arise?

A

ECA

30
Q

From which artery does the inferior thyroid artery arise?

A

Subclavian

31
Q

Into which vein does the superior thyroid vein drain?

A

IJV

32
Q

Into which vein does the middle thyroid vein drain?

A

IJV

33
Q

Into which vein does the inferior thyroid vein drain?

A

Brachiocephalic vein

34
Q

Where do the majority of lymph vessels from the thyroid gland drain into ?

A

Deep cervical group

35
Q

What type of cells line the colloid?

A

Cuboidal

36
Q

What colour does the colloid stain (in H&E)?

A

Pink

37
Q

What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?

A

Thyroxine and triodothyronine

38
Q

How many parathyroid glands do most people have?

A

4

39
Q

What is the arterial supply to the parathyroid glands?

A

Inferior thyroid arteries

40
Q

What is the venous drainage of the parathyroid glands?

A

Veins draining the thyroid into the IJV

41
Q

Which hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands and what is its action?

A

PTH: controls calcium levels

42
Q

What cells does PTH act on?

A

Bones and kidneys

43
Q

Are the adrenal glands intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

44
Q

What is the embryological origin of the adrenal cortex?

A

Mesodermal epithelium

45
Q

What is the embryological origin of the adrenal medulla?

A

Neuroectoderm

46
Q

What is the blood supply to the adrenal glands?

A

Suprarenal arteries arising from inferior phrenic arteries, aorta and renal arteries

47
Q

Where does the suprarenal vein drain on the right side?

A

IVC

48
Q

Where does the suprarenal vein drain on the left side?

A

L. renal vein

49
Q

What are the three layers of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculate and zona reticularis

50
Q

What are the three main types of hormones secreted from the adrenal cortex?

A

Mineral corticoids e.g. aldosterone
Glucocorticoids e.g. corticoids
Androgens e.g. DHEA

51
Q

Is the pancreas retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

52
Q

What cells types are found in the islets of Langerhans and what do they secrete?

A

Alpha: glucagon
Beta: Insulin
Delta: somatostatin

Endocrine (5 decks)

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