Endocrine anatomy Flashcards
what is the fossa of the pituitary gland called and what bone is it in?
the sella turcica/hypophyseal fossa - in the sphenoid bone.
What is the embryological origin of the anterior pituitary gland?
The pharyngeal arches.
What is the embryological origin of the posterior pituitary gland?
From nervous tissue - originates from the infundibulum (part of the hypothalamus)
Which structures are inferior, superior, posterior and superio-inferior to the pituitary gland?
Superior - optic chasm.
Inferior - sphenoid sinus.
Posterior - mammillary bodies then pineal gland.
Superior-posterior - the hypothalamus.
What are the 3 cell types of the anterior pituitary?
acidophils (pink/red stain), basophils (blue/purple stain) and chromophobes (clear stain).
Which lobe of the pituitary stains darker on H&E stain?
the anterior pituitary stains darker and the posterior pituitary stains lighter.
What is other names for the Anterior, middle and posterior lobes of the pituitary?
Anterior - adenohypophysis.
Posterior - neurohypophysis.
middle - pars intermedia.
What sits on either side of the pituitary gland?
the cavernous sinus.
What is the arterial supply of the pituitary gland?
branches of the internal carotid artery - the superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries/
Superior hypophyseal artery - anterior pituitary gland.
Inferior hypophyseal artery - posterior pituitary gland.
what is the name of the connective tissue covering the pituitary gland?
Diaphragm sella.
What is the most common symptom of a pituitary tumour?
Bitemporal hemianopia - by compression of the optic chiasm.
What is the venous drainage of the pituitary gland?
Hypophyseal veins - which drain into the cavernous sinus.
Which two hormones are stored and secreted in the posterior lobe of pituitary gland?
ADH - vasopressin.
Oxytocin.
Where is the thyroid gland located?
Anterior to the trachea, under the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage.
What is the middle of the thyroid gland called?
Isthmus.
Which vertebrae level is the thyroid at?
C5-T1
which tracheal rings does the isthmus sit in front of?
Tracheal rings 1, 2, 3
What is the arterial supply to the thyroid gland?
the superior thyroid artery (from the external carotid artery)
the inferior thyroid artery (from the subclavian after)
^ these anastomose.
What is the venous drainage of the thyroid gland?
Superior thyroid vein, middle thyroid vein (both drain into the internal jugular vein). Inferior thyroid vein (drains into the brachiocephalic vein).
what is the lymphatic drainage of the thyroid gland?
deep group of cervical lymph nodes.
what is an important nerve that travels beside the thyroid gland?
The recurrent laryngeal nerve.
What are the 3 main cell types seen on slides of the thyroid gland?
follicular cells (dark and create thyroid hormone) colloid (lighter, store thyroid hormone) parafollicular cells (clear, secrete calcitonin)
how many parathyroid hormones are there?
4
what is the blood supply and venous drainage to the parathyroid hormones?
the same as the thyroid glands - superior and inferior thyroid arteries, superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins.
What are the two types of cells on parathyroid histology?
Chief cells (darker in colour and more), oxyphil cells.
how is the parathyroid hormones separated from the thyroid gland?
Via a fibrous capsule.
What are the two different sections of the adrenal gland?
The cortex and the medulla.
What is the embryological origin of the adrenal medulla?
neuroectoderm
what is the embryological origin of the cortex?
mesodermal epithelium
What are the three layers of the cortex and what do they secrete?
Zona glomerulosa - mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids (cortisol)
zona reticularis - androgens
What does the adrenal medulla secrete?
adrenaline and noradrenaline
What is the blood supply to the adrenal gland?
Superior (from inferior phrenic), middle (directly from abdominal aorta) and inferior suprarenal arteries (from the renal arteries).
What is the venous drainage of the adrenal glands?
Right - drains straight into the IVC, left - drains into the left renal vein before it drains into the IVC.
what is the arterial supply of the pancreas?
- pancreatic branches of splenic artery
- gastroduodenal artery
- superior mesenteric artery
- pancreatic duodenal artery.
Which 2 strap muscles lie over the thyroid cartilage?
- sternothyroid
- sternohyoid
which compartment does the thyroid gland sit in?
Visceral compartment.
Which nerve runs very close to the superior thyroid artery?
The superior laryngeal nerve - which branches into the external laryngeal nerve.
what is the nerve which supplies the cricothyroid muscle?
External laryngeal nerve
What is the nerve which supplies all of the vocal cord muscles apart from the cricothyroid muscle?
recurrent laryngeal nerve.
what does the recurrent laryngeal nerve hook around?
left - arch of the aorta
right - subclavian artery
which nerve is in line with the inferior thyroid artery?
recurrent laryngeal nerve - runs in tracheal-oesophageal groove.
What is the position of the parathyroid glands?
The posterior aspect of the thyroid gland - in the upper pole and middle pole.
What are the parts of the pancreas?
-neck, head, uncinate process, body, tail.
which veins join to form the portal vein?
superior mesenteric even, splenic vein.
which structures pass at the transpyloric plane?
origin of portal vein, pylorus of stomach, duodenum (2nd part), hilum of each kidney,
What does the parathyroid and thyroid gland originate from?
The branchial arches
What does the acidophils of the anterior pituitary secrete?
Growth hormone and prolactin.
what does the basophils of the anterior pituitary secrete?
melanocyte stimulating hormone, ACTH, gonadotrophins - FSH, LH
