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M - Y2 Anatomy (Megan) > Endocrine anatomy > Flashcards

Endocrine anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the fossa of the pituitary gland called and what bone is it in?

A

the sella turcica/hypophyseal fossa - in the sphenoid bone.

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2
Q

What is the embryological origin of the anterior pituitary gland?

A

The pharyngeal arches.

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3
Q

What is the embryological origin of the posterior pituitary gland?

A

From nervous tissue - originates from the infundibulum (part of the hypothalamus)

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4
Q

Which structures are inferior, superior, posterior and superio-inferior to the pituitary gland?

A

Superior - optic chasm.
Inferior - sphenoid sinus.
Posterior - mammillary bodies then pineal gland.
Superior-posterior - the hypothalamus.

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5
Q

What are the 3 cell types of the anterior pituitary?

A

acidophils (pink/red stain), basophils (blue/purple stain) and chromophobes (clear stain).

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6
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary stains darker on H&E stain?

A

the anterior pituitary stains darker and the posterior pituitary stains lighter.

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7
Q

What is other names for the Anterior, middle and posterior lobes of the pituitary?

A

Anterior - adenohypophysis.
Posterior - neurohypophysis.
middle - pars intermedia.

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8
Q

What sits on either side of the pituitary gland?

A

the cavernous sinus.

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9
Q

What is the arterial supply of the pituitary gland?

A

branches of the internal carotid artery - the superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries/
Superior hypophyseal artery - anterior pituitary gland.
Inferior hypophyseal artery - posterior pituitary gland.

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10
Q

what is the name of the connective tissue covering the pituitary gland?

A

Diaphragm sella.

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11
Q

What is the most common symptom of a pituitary tumour?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia - by compression of the optic chiasm.

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12
Q

What is the venous drainage of the pituitary gland?

A

Hypophyseal veins - which drain into the cavernous sinus.

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13
Q

Which two hormones are stored and secreted in the posterior lobe of pituitary gland?

A

ADH - vasopressin.

Oxytocin.

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14
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

Anterior to the trachea, under the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage.

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15
Q

What is the middle of the thyroid gland called?

A

Isthmus.

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16
Q

Which vertebrae level is the thyroid at?

A

C5-T1

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17
Q

which tracheal rings does the isthmus sit in front of?

A

Tracheal rings 1, 2, 3

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18
Q

What is the arterial supply to the thyroid gland?

A

the superior thyroid artery (from the external carotid artery)
the inferior thyroid artery (from the subclavian after)
^ these anastomose.

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19
Q

What is the venous drainage of the thyroid gland?

A

Superior thyroid vein, middle thyroid vein (both drain into the internal jugular vein). Inferior thyroid vein (drains into the brachiocephalic vein).

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20
Q

what is the lymphatic drainage of the thyroid gland?

A

deep group of cervical lymph nodes.

21
Q

what is an important nerve that travels beside the thyroid gland?

A

The recurrent laryngeal nerve.

22
Q

What are the 3 main cell types seen on slides of the thyroid gland?

A 
follicular cells (dark and create thyroid hormone)
colloid (lighter, store thyroid hormone)
parafollicular cells (clear, secrete calcitonin)
23
Q

how many parathyroid hormones are there?

A

4

24
Q

what is the blood supply and venous drainage to the parathyroid hormones?

A

the same as the thyroid glands - superior and inferior thyroid arteries, superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins.

25
Q

What are the two types of cells on parathyroid histology?

A

Chief cells (darker in colour and more), oxyphil cells.

26
Q

how is the parathyroid hormones separated from the thyroid gland?

A

Via a fibrous capsule.

27
Q

What are the two different sections of the adrenal gland?

A

The cortex and the medulla.

28
Q

What is the embryological origin of the adrenal medulla?

A

neuroectoderm

29
Q

what is the embryological origin of the cortex?

A

mesodermal epithelium

30
Q

What are the three layers of the cortex and what do they secrete?

A

Zona glomerulosa - mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids (cortisol)
zona reticularis - androgens

31
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline

32
Q

What is the blood supply to the adrenal gland?

A

Superior (from inferior phrenic), middle (directly from abdominal aorta) and inferior suprarenal arteries (from the renal arteries).

33
Q

What is the venous drainage of the adrenal glands?

A

Right - drains straight into the IVC, left - drains into the left renal vein before it drains into the IVC.

34
Q

what is the arterial supply of the pancreas?

A
  • pancreatic branches of splenic artery
  • gastroduodenal artery
  • superior mesenteric artery
  • pancreatic duodenal artery.
35
Q

Which 2 strap muscles lie over the thyroid cartilage?

A
  • sternothyroid

- sternohyoid

36
Q

which compartment does the thyroid gland sit in?

A

Visceral compartment.

37
Q

Which nerve runs very close to the superior thyroid artery?

A

The superior laryngeal nerve - which branches into the external laryngeal nerve.

38
Q

what is the nerve which supplies the cricothyroid muscle?

A

External laryngeal nerve

39
Q

What is the nerve which supplies all of the vocal cord muscles apart from the cricothyroid muscle?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve.

40
Q

what does the recurrent laryngeal nerve hook around?

A

left - arch of the aorta

right - subclavian artery

41
Q

which nerve is in line with the inferior thyroid artery?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve - runs in tracheal-oesophageal groove.

42
Q

What is the position of the parathyroid glands?

A

The posterior aspect of the thyroid gland - in the upper pole and middle pole.

43
Q

What are the parts of the pancreas?

A

-neck, head, uncinate process, body, tail.

44
Q

which veins join to form the portal vein?

A

superior mesenteric even, splenic vein.

45
Q

which structures pass at the transpyloric plane?

A

origin of portal vein, pylorus of stomach, duodenum (2nd part), hilum of each kidney,

46
Q

What does the parathyroid and thyroid gland originate from?

A

The branchial arches

47
Q

What does the acidophils of the anterior pituitary secrete?

A

Growth hormone and prolactin.

48
Q

what does the basophils of the anterior pituitary secrete?

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone, ACTH, gonadotrophins - FSH, LH

M - Y2 Anatomy (Megan) (6 decks)

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