Endocrine

Question 1

steroid hormones

Answer 1

cortisol (adrenal cortex); estrogen, progesterone (ovaries); testosterone (teestes)

Question 2

amino acid hormones

Answer 2

catecholamines (epinephrine, norepi, dopamine), tyrosine and thyroxine (thyroid)

Question 3

protein hormones

Answer 3

insulin, peptides

Question 4

water-soluble hormone transport

Answer 4

free, unbound; SHORT ACTING RESPONSE (catabolized by enzymes)

Question 5

lipid soluble

Answer 5

bound, small amt in free or active form; RAPID AND LONG LASTING RESPONSE (pass easily through lipid membrane of cell)

Question 6

hypothalamus: base of the brain; connected to anterior pit by ______ and connected to posterior pit by _____

Answer 6

anterior pituitary by portal blood vessels; posterior pit by nerve tract

Question 7

HPA produces a number of hormones, one of which is somatostatin, what does it do?

Answer 7

inhibits release of GH and TSH

Question 8

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) releases

Answer 8

LH and FSH from anterior pituitary

Question 9

CRH causes release of _____

Answer 9

ACTH

Question 10

Substance P from the hypothalamus does what?

Answer 10

inhibition of ACTH

Question 11

Posterior pituitary hormones

Answer 11

ADH - released when plasma osmolality is high or plasma volume is low - water reabsorption in the kidneys

oxytocin - causes uterine contractions and milk ejection in lactating women

Question 12

anterior pit hormones, ACTH

Answer 12

ACTH - activated by CRH from hypothalamus - target organ is the adrenal cortex - increase steroidogenesis - increase in cortisol, aldosterone

Question 13

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) from the anterior pituitary

Answer 13

target organ: pigment cells

function: promotes secretion of melanin and lipotropin - makes skin darker

Question 14

LH from ant pit - target organ in M and W? function?

Answer 14

target organ in W is granulosa cells (follicular cell); LEYDIG for LH cells (men)

function: ovulation, PROGESTERONE production (women); testicular growth, testosterone production (men)

Question 15

FSH from ant pit - target organ M, W? function?

Answer 15

target organ: granulosa cells (women); SERTOLI for FSH cells (men)

function: follicle maturation, ESTROGEN production (women); spermatogenesis (men)

Question 16

Growth hormone target organ? controlled by two hormones from the hypothalamus?

Answer 16

target organ: liver, bone, muscle

controlled by: GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone): increases secretion

somatostatin: inhibits GH

Question 17

precursor to triiodothyronine

Answer 17

thyroid hormone (TH)/thyroxine/T4

Question 18

regulates metabolic rate of all cells and processes cell growth

Answer 18

triiodothyronine (T3)

Question 19

pancreas is both ______ and ______ gland

Answer 19

endocrine (glucagon and insulin) and exocrine (digestive enzymes) gland

Question 20

Islets of Langerhans of pancreas secretes

Answer 20

glucagon and insulin - help regulate carb metabolism

Question 21

alpha cells of pancreas secrete

Answer 21

glucagon

Question 22

beta cells of pancreas secrete

Answer 22

insulin and amylin

Question 23

delta cells (d cells) of pancreas secrete, and what is this essential in?

Answer 23

somatostatin - essential in carb, fat, and protein metabolism; may prevent excess insulin secretion

Question 24

SNS stimulates which cells in pancreas

Answer 24

alpha cells to release glucagon bc need energy for fight or flight

Question 25

PSNS stimulates which cells in pancreas

Answer 25

beta cells bc need insulin, secretion of pancreatic juices "rest and digest"

Question 26

where does insulin come from

Answer 26

comes from beta cells and synthesized from proinsulin

Question 27

function of insulin

Answer 27

it is an anabolic hormone that promotes synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids facilitates intracellular transport of K+, phosphate, and magnesium into cells

Question 28

secretion of insulin is regulated by chemical, hormonal, and neural control; promoted by? diminished by?

Answer 28

promoted by increased blood glucose levels, increased amino acids, PSNS (vagal) stimulation of beta cells diminished in low blood glucose levels, high levels of insulin negative feedback, SNS stimulation of alpha cells (epinephrine), hypokalemia (negative feedback)

Question 29

insulin effect in the liver

Answer 29

inhibits glycogenolysis, inhibits gluconeogenesis, inhibits ketogenesis

Question 30

insulin effects on the muscle

Answer 30

promotes protein synthesis, increase AA transport into m. cells, promotes glycogenesis

Question 31

insulin effect on fat:

Answer 31

increase fatty acid synthesis, promotes triglyceride storage into fat cells, decrease lipolysis

Question 32

brain and blood cells do not require ______ for glucose transport

Answer 32

insulin

Question 33

amylin: co-created w/insulin by beta cells effect?

Answer 33

antihyperglycemic effect by delaying nutrient uptake, suppressing glucagon secretion after meals, has satiety effect

Question 34

glucagon function

Answer 34

released by alpha cells or lining GI - SNS, low glucose levels activate function: acts on the liver and increases blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Question 35

adrenal medulla has ______ cells that release what?

Answer 35

has Chromaffin cells (pheochromocytes) cells of medulla that release catecholamines - epinephrine/adrenaline, norepi: fight or flight promotes hyperglycemia

Question 36

SIADH most common cause is

Answer 36

ectopic secretion of ADH

Question 37

SIADH clinical manifestations

Answer 37

euvolemic hypotonic (dilutional) hyponatremia increased total body water, increased ECF, total body sodium is unchanged, and edema = absent! urine hyperosmolar, sermum hypoosmolar

Question 38

types of DI

Answer 38

neurogenic (not enough made by brain), nephrogenic (kidneys don't respond - genetic x), dipsogenic/psychogenic - excessive fluid intake - lowers plasma osmolarity to the point that it falls below the threshold for ADH secretion

Question 39

hyperpituitarism commonly caused by

Answer 39

benign, slow-growing pituitary adenoma

Question 40

acromegaly cause? mortality r/t? clinical manifestations?

Answer 40

GH hypersecretion in adulthood - mostly caused by slowly progressive pituitary adenoma connective tissue proliferation, bony proliferation, symptoms of diabetes, CNS symptoms (h/a, seizure activity, visual disturbances, papilledema - swollen optic nerve)

Question 41

primary vs secondary hyperthyroidism/thyrotoxicosis

Answer 41

primary: dysfunction of thyroid gland secondary: conditions that cause alterations in pituitary or hypothalamic functioning; alters TSH or thryotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) production

Question 42

Grave's disease - cause and clinical manifestations

Answer 42

type II autoimmune hypersensitivity that causes hyperthyroidism ophthalmopathy - exophthalmos: increased secretion of hyaluronic acid, orbital fat accumulation, inflammation, and edema of the orbital contents diplopia pretibial myxedema (Graves' dermopathy): leg swelling "orange peel appearance"

Question 43

toxic multinodular goiter - cause, and clinical manifestations?

Answer 43

several hyperfunctioning nodules secrete thyroid hormone - same symptoms as hyperthyroidism but occurs slowly and w/o exophthalmos & pretibial myxedema

Question 44

primary hypothyroidism caused by

Answer 44

inability of thyroid gland to produce TH iodine deficiency (endemic goiter): most common worldwide autoimmune thyroiditis: Hashimoto disease is most common in the US

Question 45

primary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 45

caused by adenoma usually, excess secretion of PTH and hypercalcemia, normal feedback mechanisms: elevated serum levels of calcium fail to normally inhibit the release of PTH by the parathyroid gland

Question 46

secondary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 46

from another disease process - CKD, vit D or calcium deficiency -calcium will be low and PTH high

Question 47

tertiary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 47

high PTH and calcium from long standing secondary hyperparathyroidism

Question 48

clinical manifestations of hypoparathyroidism - what signs?

Answer 48

remember it can be caused by alcohol and low Mg levels clinical manifestations: hypocalcemia, lowering the threshold for nerve and muscle excitation -- muscle spasms, hyperreflexia, tonic-clonic convulsions, laryngeal spasms, death from asphyxiation *Chvostek and Trousseau sign

Question 49

remember that glucagon is secreted by

Answer 49

pancreatic alpha cells

Question 50

glucagon is increased in both type I and type Ii

Answer 50

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