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Advanced Patho UC > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

steroid hormones

A

cortisol (adrenal cortex); estrogen, progesterone (ovaries); testosterone (teestes)

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2
Q

amino acid hormones

A

catecholamines (epinephrine, norepi, dopamine), tyrosine and thyroxine (thyroid)

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3
Q

protein hormones

A

insulin, peptides

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4
Q

water-soluble hormone transport

A

free, unbound; SHORT ACTING RESPONSE (catabolized by enzymes)

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5
Q

lipid soluble

A

bound, small amt in free or active form; RAPID AND LONG LASTING RESPONSE (pass easily through lipid membrane of cell)

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6
Q

hypothalamus: base of the brain; connected to anterior pit by ______ and connected to posterior pit by _____

A

anterior pituitary by portal blood vessels; posterior pit by nerve tract

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7
Q

HPA produces a number of hormones, one of which is somatostatin, what does it do?

A

inhibits release of GH and TSH

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8
Q

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) releases

A

LH and FSH from anterior pituitary

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9
Q

CRH causes release of _____

A

ACTH

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10
Q

Substance P from the hypothalamus does what?

A

inhibition of ACTH

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11
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones

A

ADH - released when plasma osmolality is high or plasma volume is low - water reabsorption in the kidneys

oxytocin - causes uterine contractions and milk ejection in lactating women

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12
Q

anterior pit hormones, ACTH

A

ACTH - activated by CRH from hypothalamus - target organ is the adrenal cortex - increase steroidogenesis - increase in cortisol, aldosterone

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13
Q

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) from the anterior pituitary

A

target organ: pigment cells

function: promotes secretion of melanin and lipotropin - makes skin darker

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14
Q

LH from ant pit - target organ in M and W? function?

A

target organ in W is granulosa cells (follicular cell); LEYDIG for LH cells (men)

function: ovulation, PROGESTERONE production (women); testicular growth, testosterone production (men)

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15
Q

FSH from ant pit - target organ M, W? function?

A

target organ: granulosa cells (women); SERTOLI for FSH cells (men)

function: follicle maturation, ESTROGEN production (women); spermatogenesis (men)

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16
Q

Growth hormone target organ? controlled by two hormones from the hypothalamus?

A

target organ: liver, bone, muscle

controlled by: GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone): increases secretion

somatostatin: inhibits GH

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17
Q

precursor to triiodothyronine

A

thyroid hormone (TH)/thyroxine/T4

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18
Q

regulates metabolic rate of all cells and processes cell growth

A

triiodothyronine (T3)

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19
Q

pancreas is both ______ and ______ gland

A

endocrine (glucagon and insulin) and exocrine (digestive enzymes) gland

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20
Q

Islets of Langerhans of pancreas secretes

A

glucagon and insulin - help regulate carb metabolism

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21
Q

alpha cells of pancreas secrete

A

glucagon

22
Q

beta cells of pancreas secrete

A

insulin and amylin

23
Q

delta cells (d cells) of pancreas secrete, and what is this essential in?

A

somatostatin - essential in carb, fat, and protein metabolism; may prevent excess insulin secretion

24
Q

SNS stimulates which cells in pancreas

A

alpha cells to release glucagon bc need energy for fight or flight

25
Q

PSNS stimulates which cells in pancreas

A

beta cells bc need insulin, secretion of pancreatic juices

“rest and digest”

26
Q

where does insulin come from

A

comes from beta cells and synthesized from proinsulin

27
Q

function of insulin

A

it is an anabolic hormone that promotes synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

facilitates intracellular transport of K+, phosphate, and magnesium into cells

28
Q

secretion of insulin is regulated by chemical, hormonal, and neural control; promoted by? diminished by?

A

promoted by increased blood glucose levels, increased amino acids, PSNS (vagal) stimulation of beta cells

diminished in low blood glucose levels, high levels of insulin negative feedback, SNS stimulation of alpha cells (epinephrine), hypokalemia (negative feedback)

29
Q

insulin effect in the liver

A

inhibits glycogenolysis, inhibits gluconeogenesis, inhibits ketogenesis

30
Q

insulin effects on the muscle

A

promotes protein synthesis, increase AA transport into m. cells, promotes glycogenesis

31
Q

insulin effect on fat:

A

increase fatty acid synthesis, promotes triglyceride storage into fat cells, decrease lipolysis

32
Q

brain and blood cells do not require ______ for glucose transport

A

insulin

33
Q

amylin: co-created w/insulin by beta cells

effect?

A

antihyperglycemic effect by delaying nutrient uptake, suppressing glucagon secretion after meals, has satiety effect

34
Q

glucagon function

A

released by alpha cells or lining GI - SNS, low glucose levels activate

function: acts on the liver and increases blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

35
Q

adrenal medulla has ______ cells that release what?

A

has Chromaffin cells (pheochromocytes) cells of medulla that release catecholamines - epinephrine/adrenaline, norepi: fight or flight

promotes hyperglycemia

36
Q

SIADH most common cause is

A

ectopic secretion of ADH

37
Q

SIADH clinical manifestations

A

euvolemic hypotonic (dilutional) hyponatremia

increased total body water, increased ECF, total body sodium is unchanged, and edema = absent!

urine hyperosmolar, sermum hypoosmolar

38
Q

types of DI

A

neurogenic (not enough made by brain), nephrogenic (kidneys don’t respond - genetic x),

dipsogenic/psychogenic - excessive fluid intake - lowers plasma osmolarity to the point that it falls below the threshold for ADH secretion

39
Q

hyperpituitarism commonly caused by

A

benign, slow-growing pituitary adenoma

40
Q

acromegaly cause? mortality r/t? clinical manifestations?

A

GH hypersecretion in adulthood - mostly caused by slowly progressive pituitary adenoma

connective tissue proliferation, bony proliferation, symptoms of diabetes, CNS symptoms (h/a, seizure activity, visual disturbances, papilledema - swollen optic nerve)

41
Q

primary vs secondary hyperthyroidism/thyrotoxicosis

A

primary: dysfunction of thyroid gland
secondary: conditions that cause alterations in pituitary or hypothalamic functioning; alters TSH or thryotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) production

42
Q

Grave’s disease - cause and clinical manifestations

A

type II autoimmune hypersensitivity that causes hyperthyroidism

ophthalmopathy - exophthalmos: increased secretion of hyaluronic acid, orbital fat accumulation, inflammation, and edema of the orbital contents

diplopia

pretibial myxedema (Graves’ dermopathy): leg swelling “orange peel appearance”

43
Q

toxic multinodular goiter - cause, and clinical manifestations?

A

several hyperfunctioning nodules secrete thyroid hormone - same symptoms as hyperthyroidism but occurs slowly and w/o exophthalmos & pretibial myxedema

44
Q

primary hypothyroidism caused by

A

inability of thyroid gland to produce TH

iodine deficiency (endemic goiter): most common worldwide

autoimmune thyroiditis: Hashimoto disease is most common in the US

45
Q

primary hyperparathyroidism

A

caused by adenoma usually, excess secretion of PTH and hypercalcemia, normal feedback mechanisms: elevated serum levels of calcium fail to normally inhibit the release of PTH by the parathyroid gland

46
Q

secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

from another disease process - CKD, vit D or calcium deficiency

-calcium will be low and PTH high

47
Q

tertiary hyperparathyroidism

A

high PTH and calcium from long standing secondary hyperparathyroidism

48
Q

clinical manifestations of hypoparathyroidism - what signs?

A

remember it can be caused by alcohol and low Mg levels

clinical manifestations: hypocalcemia, lowering the threshold for nerve and muscle excitation – muscle spasms, hyperreflexia, tonic-clonic convulsions, laryngeal spasms, death from asphyxiation

*Chvostek and Trousseau sign

49
Q

remember that glucagon is secreted by

A

pancreatic alpha cells

50
Q

glucagon is increased in both type I and type Ii

A

…

Advanced Patho UC (14 decks)

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