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Medical Conditions I > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Gonagotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

A

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

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2
Q

Growth-Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)

A

Growth Hormone (GH)

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3
Q

Somatostatin (SS)

A

(inhibits)

Growth Hormone (GH)

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4
Q

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)

A

Thuroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

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5
Q

Dopamine (DA)

A

(inhibits)

Prolactin

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6
Q

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

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7
Q

Hypothalamic Releasing Factors

A

Stimulate the release of anterior pituitary hormones

GnRH

GHRH

TRH

CRH

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8
Q

Hypothalamic Inhibitory Factor

A

Inhibit the release of anterior pituitary hormones

SS

DA

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9
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

Primarily stores

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10
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

Primaily manufactures

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11
Q

Oxytocin

A

Promotes uterine wall contraction for birth and milk “let down” during lactation

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12
Q

Vasopressin (ADH)

A

Regulates blood volume and salt concentration via osmoreceptors in the anterior hypothalamus

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13
Q

Adenoma

A

Benign tumor

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14
Q

Pituitary Apoplexy

A

Sudden hemorrhage or infarction of the pituitary

Note: visual changes and headache

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15
Q

Acromegaly

A

Excessive secretion of GH in adults…

Carpal Tunnel

OA

Headaches

Heart failure and hypertension

Renal failure

DM

Obstructive sleep apnea

Visual changes

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16
Q

Giantism

A

Excessive secretion of GH in children

17
Q

Apnea

A

Cessation of airflow > 10 seconds

18
Q

Hypopnea

A

Decreased airflow > or = 10 seconds associated with oxyhemoglobin desaturation

19
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

Posterior pituitary doesn’t secrete ADH (Neurogenic DI)

Insensitivity of kidney to ADH (Nephrogenic DI)

20
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Embryologically arises from the same tissue as sympathetic ganglia

21
Q

Adrenergic Receptors

A

Alpha receptors generally stimulatory

Beta receptors generally inhibitory

Exception: NE binding to beta-receptors of the heart is stimulatory

22
Q

Cushing’s Disease

A

Pituitary Cushing’s

ACTH-Dependent

Pituitary Adenoma - secretes ACTH

23
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome

A

Adrenal Cushing’s

ACTH-Independent

Adrenal Adenoma - secretes cortisol

24
Q

Cushing’s Disease/Syndrome Presentation

A

Central Obesity

Skin :(

Muscle Wasting

Hypertension (CAD)

Osteoporosis

Hyperglycemia (DM)

25
Q

Conn’s Syndrome

A

Hyperaldosteronism

Hypertension

Hypokalemia (weakness and paralysis)

Hypernatremia

Fatigue

26
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Tumor of the adrenal medulla or extra0adrenal chromaffin tissue

Tachycardia (palpitations)

Hypertension

Anxiety (panic attacks)

Headaches

Diaphoresis

27
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

Failure to produce glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids (primarily autoimmune)

Hypotension

Fatiuge (muscle weakness)

Hyperpigmentation of the skin

Vomiting and Diarrhea

Hypoglycemia

28
Q

RAAS

A

Angiotensinogen … Angiotenin I … Angiontensin II & Aldosterone:

Increased Sympathetic Activity

Na+ reabsorption

K+ excretion

Water Retention

ADH

29
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Thyroxine (T3) and Triiodothyronine (T4)

Both:

Increase BMR

Stimulate protein synthesis,

Increase use of glucose for ATP production

Increase use of fatty acids for ATP production

30
Q

Thyroid Target Organs

A

Cardiac

Liver

Skeletal Muscle

Kidney

Brain

31
Q

Hypothyroidism

(Common Signs and Symptoms)

A

Lethargy & Fatigue

Bradycardia

Edema

Weight Gain

Cold Intolerance

Dry skin, Brittle Hair, & Finger nails

Constipation

Goiter

32
Q

Primary Hypothyroidism

A

Insufficient production of T3 and T4

(Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis)

33
Q

Secondary Hypothryoidism

A

Insufficient production of TSH from the pituitary

34
Q

Tertiary Hypothyroidism

A

Insufficient production of TRH from the hypothalamus

35
Q

Hyperthyroidism

(Common Signs and Symptoms)

A

Weight loss (increased appetite)

Anxiety and Irritability

Heat intolerance

Fatigue and Weakness

Palpitations, Tachycardia, and Dysrhythmias

Hypertension

Tremor

Hypoglycemia, Polyuria, and Polydipsia

Osteopenia

36
Q

Graves Disease

A

Hyperthyroidism

Autoimmune Disease (thyroid autoantibodies activate the TSH-receptor … increasing thryoid hormone)

Bluging of the eye anteriorly

Medical Conditions I (10 decks)

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