Endocrine Flashcards
Gonagotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Growth-Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
Growth Hormone (GH)
Somatostatin (SS)
(inhibits)
Growth Hormone (GH)
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
Thuroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Dopamine (DA)
(inhibits)
Prolactin
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Hypothalamic Releasing Factors
Stimulate the release of anterior pituitary hormones
GnRH
GHRH
TRH
CRH
Hypothalamic Inhibitory Factor
Inhibit the release of anterior pituitary hormones
SS
DA
Posterior Pituitary
Primarily stores
Anterior Pituitary
Primaily manufactures
Oxytocin
Promotes uterine wall contraction for birth and milk “let down” during lactation
Vasopressin (ADH)
Regulates blood volume and salt concentration via osmoreceptors in the anterior hypothalamus
Adenoma
Benign tumor
Pituitary Apoplexy
Sudden hemorrhage or infarction of the pituitary
Note: visual changes and headache
Acromegaly
Excessive secretion of GH in adults…
Carpal Tunnel
OA
Headaches
Heart failure and hypertension
Renal failure
DM
Obstructive sleep apnea
Visual changes
Giantism
Excessive secretion of GH in children
Apnea
Cessation of airflow > 10 seconds
Hypopnea
Decreased airflow > or = 10 seconds associated with oxyhemoglobin desaturation
Diabetes Insipidus
Posterior pituitary doesn’t secrete ADH (Neurogenic DI)
Insensitivity of kidney to ADH (Nephrogenic DI)
Adrenal Medulla
Embryologically arises from the same tissue as sympathetic ganglia
Adrenergic Receptors
Alpha receptors generally stimulatory
Beta receptors generally inhibitory
Exception: NE binding to beta-receptors of the heart is stimulatory
Cushing’s Disease
Pituitary Cushing’s
ACTH-Dependent
Pituitary Adenoma - secretes ACTH
Cushing’s Syndrome
Adrenal Cushing’s
ACTH-Independent
Adrenal Adenoma - secretes cortisol
Cushing’s Disease/Syndrome Presentation
Central Obesity
Skin :(
Muscle Wasting
Hypertension (CAD)
Osteoporosis
Hyperglycemia (DM)
Conn’s Syndrome
Hyperaldosteronism
Hypertension
Hypokalemia (weakness and paralysis)
Hypernatremia
Fatigue
Pheochromocytoma
Tumor of the adrenal medulla or extra0adrenal chromaffin tissue
Tachycardia (palpitations)
Hypertension
Anxiety (panic attacks)
Headaches
Diaphoresis
Addison’s Disease
Failure to produce glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids (primarily autoimmune)
Hypotension
Fatiuge (muscle weakness)
Hyperpigmentation of the skin
Vomiting and Diarrhea
Hypoglycemia
RAAS
Angiotensinogen … Angiotenin I … Angiontensin II & Aldosterone:
Increased Sympathetic Activity
Na+ reabsorption
K+ excretion
Water Retention
ADH
Thyroid Gland
Thyroxine (T3) and Triiodothyronine (T4)
Both:
Increase BMR
Stimulate protein synthesis,
Increase use of glucose for ATP production
Increase use of fatty acids for ATP production
Thyroid Target Organs
Cardiac
Liver
Skeletal Muscle
Kidney
Brain
Hypothyroidism
(Common Signs and Symptoms)
Lethargy & Fatigue
Bradycardia
Edema
Weight Gain
Cold Intolerance
Dry skin, Brittle Hair, & Finger nails
Constipation
Goiter
Primary Hypothyroidism
Insufficient production of T3 and T4
(Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis)
Secondary Hypothryoidism
Insufficient production of TSH from the pituitary
Tertiary Hypothyroidism
Insufficient production of TRH from the hypothalamus
Hyperthyroidism
(Common Signs and Symptoms)
Weight loss (increased appetite)
Anxiety and Irritability
Heat intolerance
Fatigue and Weakness
Palpitations, Tachycardia, and Dysrhythmias
Hypertension
Tremor
Hypoglycemia, Polyuria, and Polydipsia
Osteopenia
Graves Disease
Hyperthyroidism
Autoimmune Disease (thyroid autoantibodies activate the TSH-receptor … increasing thryoid hormone)
Bluging of the eye anteriorly
