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Human Form and Function > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Types of chemical messengers

A

Autocrine
Paracrine
Neurotransmitter
Endocrine

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2
Q

Autocrine

A

Secreted by cells in local area
Influences the activity of the same cell or cell type from which it was secreted
Ex: Eicosanoids (prostaglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclins, leukotrienes)

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3
Q

Paracrine

A

Produced by wide variety of tissues
Secreted into extracellular fluid
Has localized effect on other tissues
Ex: somatostatin, histamine, eicosanoids

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4
Q

Neurotransmitter

A 
Produced by neurons
Secreted into synaptic cleft by presynaptic nerve terminals
Travels short distances
Influences postsynaptic cells
Ex: acetylcholine, epinephrine
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5
Q

Endocrine

A

Secreted into blood by specialized cells
Travels some distance to target tissues
Results in coordinated regulation of cell function
Ex: Thyroid hormones, growth hormone, insulin, epinephrine, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, prostaglandins

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6
Q

Exocrine vs endocrine glands

A

Exocrine=have ducts that carry secretions to outside of body or into hollow organ like intestine or stomach
Endocrine=secretes messengers into the bloodstream

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7
Q

Humoral stimuli

A

Blood-borne chemicals that stimulate the release of hormones

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8
Q

Neuropeptide

A

Chemical messenger that is secreted directly into the blood by a neuron which causes it to become a hormone

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9
Q

Releasing hormones

A

Released by hypothalamus and acts on anterior pituitary gland and stimulate the release of hormones from there
They are released into blood to travel to target cells

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10
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Secreted by anterior pituitary gland

Hormonal stimuli-a hormone that stimulates the release of other hormones

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11
Q

Inhibiting hormones

A

Hormones from the hypothalamus that prevents secretion of tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary gland

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12
Q

Negative feedback

A

Hormone’s secretion is inhibited by the hormone itself one blood levels reach a certain point

most hormones are regulated by this
SELF-LIMITING

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13
Q

Positive feedback

A

Some hormones (when stimulated by a tropic hormone) promote the synthesis and secretion of the tropic hormone in addition to stimulating the target cell
This stimulates further secretion of the original hormone
SELF-PROPAGATING

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14
Q

G protein complex

A

Complex of proteins that when activated they alter the activity of other enzyme

When hormone binds to membrane bound receptor it changes the shape of G protein complex exposing active sites which lead to a change in another molecule

Alpha, beta and gamma subunits

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15
Q

Water soluble hormone

A

Membrane bound receptor

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16
Q

Lipid soluble hormone

A

Nuclear receptors

17
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Master gland
Controlled by hypothalamus
Anterior=adenohypophysis
Posterior=neurohypophysis

18
Q

Sella turcica

A

Houses the pituitary

19
Q

ADH

A

Anti-diuretic hormone

Same as vasopressin

20
Q

HPP

A

Hypothalamic Pituitary Portal System

21
Q

Portal system

A

Going from capillary bed directly to another capillary bed without passing through heart

22
Q

Protein kinases

A

Enzymes that regulate the action of other enzymes after binding to cAMP (activated by cAMP)

23
Q

Adenylate cyclase

A

Enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cAMP

24
Q

Examples of lipid soluble hormones

A

Thyroid hormones

Steroid hormones

25
Q

Two chemical categories of ENDOCRINE hormones

A

Lipid-solube

Water-soluble

26
Q

Sequence of events of a lipid soluble hormone binding to its receptor

A

1) Hormone diffuses across plasma membrane
2) Hormone binds to receptro
3) Hormone-receptor complex binds to a hormone response element on DNA
4) Transcription factor is formed
5) mRNA is produced
6) Proteins are synthesized

27
Q

Androgens

A

Class of steroid hormone

Secreted by adrenal cortex

28
Q

Effects of adrenal medullary hormones

A

Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle and heart
Increased release of fatty acids from adipose tissue
Increased glucose release from the liver

29
Q

Classes of hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex

A

Androgens
Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids

30
Q

Oxytocin

A

Posterior pituitary hormone that targets the uterus and mammary glands

31
Q

What effect does PTH have on the bones

A

Increased osteoclast activity

Increased bone reabsorption

32
Q

Nuclear receptors can be found where

A

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

33
Q

Glucagon

A

Pancreatic hormone
Increases rate of glucose synthesis from fats and amino acids
Increases breakdown of glycogen in the liver

Human Form and Function (5 decks)

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