Endocrine Flashcards
1
Q
describe the image and the condition it is seen in
A
the thyroid parenchyma contains a dense lymphocytic infiltrate with germinal centers; residual thyroid follicles lined by deeply eosinophilic Hurthle cells are also seen
2
Q
describe the cholesterol and glucose levels in the condition seen in the image
A
HYPOcholesterolemia (increased LDL receptors from T3/T4 = increased removal from blood)
HYPERglycemia (T3/T4 cause gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis)
3
Q
____ is reserved for biochemically confirmed cases in which CT scanning or MRI does not show a tumor
A
MIBG scintigraphy (metaoidobenzylduanidine) is reserved for biochemically confirmed cases in which CT scanning or MRI does not show a tumor
4
Q
the condition seen in the image is caused by a mutation in ____
A
the condition seen in the image is caused by a mutation in BRAF
5
Q
the most common cause of death in the condition seen in the image is ____
A
the most common cause of death in the condition seen in the image is MI & arrythmias (due to atherosclerosis and HTN)
6
Q
the organ that is causing the condition seen in the image originates from ____
A
the organ that is causing the condition seen in the image originates from the floor of the pharynx
7
Q
in the condition seen in the image, T cells induce B cells to produce ____
A
in the condition seen in the image, T cells induce B cells to produce IgG antibodies against the TSH receptor (stimulating Abs)
8
Q
the condition seen in the image can be caused by unilateral adrenal cortical adenoma and causes ____ atrophy of adrenal gland
A
the condition seen in the image can be caused by unilateral adrenal cortical adenoma and causes contralateral atrophy of adrenal gland
9
Q
the condition seen in the image causes ____ of fat which can lead to which 3 characteristic feature?
A
the condition seen in the image causes redistribution of fat which can lead to:
-moon facies
-truncal obesity
-buffalo hump
10
Q
the complications of the condition seen in the image are due to ____
A
the complications of the condition seen in the image are due to mass effect
11
Q
the condition seen in the image can lead to ___ because cortisol is a catabolic hormone
A
the condition seen in the image can lead to osteoporosis → pathologic fractures because cortisol is a catabolic hormone
12
Q
patient has the following levels:
high TSH
normal FT3/FT4
what else is associated with the condition the patient has?
A
associated with endothelial dysfunction → atheroma
13
Q
_____ levels give an integrated measure of glucose concentrations over the previous 2-3 months because RBCs ____
A
glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels give an integrated measure of glucose concentrations over the previous 2-3 months because RBCs live for 100 days
14
Q
___ is the most common hormone secreted from the condition seen in the image
A
15
Q
the condition seen in the image is caused by a mutation in ____
A
the condition seen in the image is caused by a mutation in KRAS
16
Q
the hyperglycemia causes the characteristic ___ and ___ in DKA
A
the hyperglycemia causes the characteristic osmotic diuresis and dehydration in DKA
17
Q
describe the arterial blood gas levels seen in DKA
A
low pH (<7.3) with high anion gap metabolic acidosis
low bicarbonate
18
Q
the condition seen in the image is the most common cause of ____ and is caused by a type ___ hypersensitivity
A
the condition seen in the image is the most common cause of hypothyroidism and is caused by a type IV hypersensitivity
19
Q
describe blood levels in the condition seen in the image
A
increased TSI (thyroid stimulating Ig), T3 and T4
decreased TSH (bc free T3 downregulates TRH receptors in the AP to decrease TSH release)
20
Q
the condition seen in the image has ____ projections with ___ core and ____ bodies
A
the condition seen in the image has papillary projections with fibrovascular core and psamomma bodies
21
Q
in the condition seen in the image, there is ____ uptake
A
in the condition seen in the image, there is radioactive iodine uptake
22
Q
in the condition seen in the image, there is invasion of ____ as well as ____
A
in the condition seen in the image, there is invasion of capsule as well as hemorrhage
23
Q
give the results for water deprivation test in central vs. nephrogenic DI
A
24
Q
list metabolic and pharmacologic causes of nephrogenic DI
A
- metabolic:
- hypercalcemia = causes aquaporin in CD to be insensitive to ADH → decreased urine osmolality → polydipsia & polyuria
- hypokalemia
- drug:
- lithium
25
a screening test for hyperaldosteronism is an increased ___ to ___ ratio
a screening test for hyperaldosteronism is an increased **aldosterone:renin ratio**
26
patient has the following levels:
high TSH
normal FT3/FT4
the condition the patient has can convert into ___ especially if ___ are present
the condition the patient has can convert into **hypothyroidism** especially if **anti-thyroid antibodies** are present
27
\_\_\_\_ is the most common cause of death in the condition seen in the image
**heart failure** is the most common cause of death in the condition seen in the image
## Footnote
**due to cardiomegaly + concentric hypertrophy from HTN**
28
high-dose dexamethasone is used to differentiate between ___ and \_\_\_, where ____ is suppressed by the high dose
high-dose dexamethasone is used to differentiate between **anterior pituitary adenoma** and **ectopic ACTH production**, where **anterior pituitary adenoma (Cushing's Disease)** is suppressed by the high dose
29
describe the short Synacthen test
* administration of ACTH analogues to assess the residual capacity of the adrenal gland
* within 15-30 min of ACTH infusion, the normal adrenal cortex releases 2-5 times its basal plasma cortisol output
* **failure of response confirms a diagnosis of primary adrenal** **insuff****.**
30
hyperphosphatemia can be caused by ____ and \_\_\_\_
hyperphosphatemia can be caused by **chronic renal failure** and **hypoparathyroidism**
31
ectopic ACTH can cause the condition seen in the image and (does or does not?) respond to feedback from high dose \_\_\_\_
ectopic ACTH can cause the condition seen in the image and **DOES NOT** respond to feedback from **high dose dexamethosone**
32
the condition seen in the image is the most common cause of ___ in the US and is a type ____ hypersensitivity
the condition seen in the image is the most common cause of **hyperthyroidism** in the US and is a **type II hypersensitivity**
33
the condition seen in the image is characterized by chronic inflammation with ___ & \_\_\_\_metaplasia (which are atrophic thyroid follicles filled with \_\_\_)
the condition seen in the image is characterized by chronic inflammation with **germinal centers** & **Hurthle cell** **metaplasia** (which are atrophic thyroid follicles filled with **eosinophilic granular cytoplasm**)
34
the condition seen in the image is characterized by generalized ____ due to accumulation of \_\_\_\_
the condition seen in the image is characterized by generalized **myxedema** due to accumulation of **GAGs**
35
describe the hormones synthesized by the different layers of the adrenal cortex
36
\_\_\_\_ is a tumor marker for the condition seen in the image and is used to measure \_\_\_\_
**calcitonin** is a tumor marker for the condition seen in the image and is used to measure **recurrence/response to therapy**
37
describe the 2 types of the condition seen in the image
* _pre-proliferative retinopathy:_
* **microaneurysms: d/t loss of pericytes**
* ****rupture of **microaneurysms → dot & blot retinal hemorrhages, hard exudates & cotton wool spots** (d/t ischemia → retinal infarct)
* _proliferative retinopathy:_
* **neovascularization (due to VEGF) WITHOUT pericytes** → hemorrhage → retinal detachment and blindness
38
sub-clinical hypothyroidism is characterized by high ___ levels and normal ____ levels in an asymptomatic individual
sub-clinical hypothyroidism is characterized by **high TSH levels** and **normal FT4/FT3 levels** in an asymptomatic individual
39
in the condition seen in the image, there are malignant ___ cells secreting \_\_\_\_
in the condition seen in the image, there are malignant **parafollicular (C cells)** cells secreting **localized amyloid**
40
in hypopituitarism
\_\_\_ is the first hormone to be lost in children;
\_\_\_\_ is the first hormone to be lost in adults
and ___ is the last
**GH** is the first hormone to be lost in **children**;
**LH and FSH** is the first hormone to be lost in **adults**
**ACTH** is the last
41
in the condition seen in the image, there is hypertrophy of ___ glands leading to \_\_\_\_
in the condition seen in the image, there is hypertrophy of **sweat** glands leading to **body odor & oily skin**
42
β-cells in the islets of Langerhans secrete ____ and \_\_\_\_
β-cells in the islets of Langerhans secrete **insulin** and **c-peptide**
43
describe 21-hydroxylase def.
44
describe what is seen in the urine during DKA
positive for sugar and ketones
45
in hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HSS), there is usually very high ____ levels causing \_\_\_\_
in hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HSS), there is usually very high **glucose** levels causing **dehydration**
46
describe the image
characteristic **nests of cells with abundant cytoplasm**
**bizarre** **cell** is seen in the center of the image
47
complications of the condition seen in the image occurs from ____ and can compress which 3 structures?
complications of the condition seen in the image occurs from **mass effect** and can compress:
* **left recurrent laryngeal nerve** → hoarseness
* **trachea** → dyspnea
* **esophagus** → dysphagia
48
distribution of fat also plays a role in development of T2DM; patients with ___ obesity have higher risk of DM than those with ____ obesity
distribution of fat also plays a role in development of T2DM; patients with **central** obesity have higher risk of DM than those with **peripheral** obesity
49
\_\_\_\_ is the 2nd most common cause of death in the condition seen in the image
**recurrent infections (b/c cortisol is an immunosuppressant)** is the 2nd most common cause of death in the condition seen in the image
50
describe serum levels of T3, T4, TRH and TSH of the condition seen in the image
decreased T3 and T4
increased TRH and TSH
51
in the condition seen in the image, there is hypertension due to ____ which allows \_\_\_\_
in the condition seen in the image, there is hypertension due to **upregulation of α receptors** which allows **permissive action of catecholamines leading to vasoconstriction**
52
describe 17a-hydroxylase def.
53
contrast central vs. nephrogenic DI
* **central = absolute def. of ADH**
* genetic, idiopathic, hypothalamic/pituitary stalk lesion
* **nephrogenic = resistance to ADH action**
* genetic, metabolic (hypokalemia, hypercalcemia) or lithium
* hypercalcemia causes aquaporin in CD to be insensitive to ADH → decreased urine osmolality → polydipsia & polyuria
54
in the condition seen in the image, there is ___ metaplasia
in the condition seen in the image, there is **Hurtle cell** **metaplasia**
55
the ____ test can be used to diagnose hyperaldosteronism
the **fludrocortisone suppression test** can be used to diagnose hyperaldosteronism
56
the condition seen in the image can cause Cushing syndrome if it arises from zona \_\_\_\_
the condition seen in the image can cause Cushing syndrome if it arises from **zona fasciculata**
57
describe the presentation of hypercalcemia
**renal**: polyuria & thirst, stones, nephrocalcinosis, renal failure
**MSK**: muscle weakness, osteitis fibrosa cystica (hyperPTH)
**neurological**: psychiatric/neurological symptoms
**GI** : anorexia, constipation, ulcers
58
describe the effect of insulin on potassium
* promotes **K+ movement INTO cells**
* **increases the** **action** **of the Na/K/ATPase**
* this effect is used in treating life-threatening hyperkalemia by co-administering insulin + glucose
59
the condition seen in the image is part of ___ syndrome
explain other components of this syndrome
the condition seen in the image is part of **MEN-1** syndrome
* **pituitary adenoma** = increased GH potentially
* **pancreatic tumor**
* VIPoma, ZE gastrinoma, insulinoma
* **parathyroid adenoma/hyperplasia**
60
an anterior pituitary adenoma can cause the condition seen in the image and (does or does not?) respond to feedback from high dose \_\_\_\_
an anterior pituitary adenoma can cause the condition seen in the image and **DOES** respond to feedback from **high dose dexamethosone**
61
\_\_\_ is a test used for definitive diagnosis of the condition seen in the image
what is seen as a positive result in this test?
**hyperdynamic testing (OGTT + serial GH levels)** is a test used for definitive diagnosis of the condition seen in the image
* in normal patients, decreased GH due to presence of glucose
* **acromegaly patients:** **presence** **of glucose does NOT inhibit GH (remains high)**
62
list 4 infections that can cause hypopituitarism
meningitis
TB
syphilis
HIV/AIDS
63
\_\_\_\_\_ occurs in elderly patients with T2DM (instead of DKA)
**hyperosmolar hyperglycemia state** occurs in elderly patients with T2DM (instead of DKA)
64
the most common cause of death in the condition seen in the image is caused by \_\_\_\_\_
the most common cause of death in the condition seen in the image is caused by **cardiac arrhythmias**
65
low-dose dexamethosone test separates ____ from \_\_\_\_\_
low-dose dexamethosone test separates **pseudo-Cushing's (obese patients, drugs, stress, alcohol)** from **true Cushing's**
true Cushing's = increased urinary cortisol b/c low dose DOES NOT suppress it
66
describe macroangiopathic complications of the condition seen in the image
67
describe the image
**the neoplastic cells are vacuolated because of the presence of intracytoplasmic lipid**
68
list complications of the condition seen in the image
* diabetes (due to insulin resistance from GH)
* obstructive sleep apnea
* osteoarthritis
* carpal tunnel
* heart failure from HTN = MC COD
69
\_\_\_\_ carcinoma of the thyroid are ___ tumors
**anaplastic** carcinoma of the thyroid are **undifferentiated** tumors
70
\_\_\_\_ is characterized by high TSH levels and normal FT4/FT3 levels in an asymptomatic individual
**sub-clinical hypothyroidism** is characterized by high TSH levels and normal FT4/FT3 levels in an asymptomatic individual
71
what are other causes of the most common form of the condition seen in the image?
image = pituitary adenoma
* physiological i.e. stress
* drugs:
* antipsychotics decrease dopamine and lead to more prolactin secretion
* OCPs
* renal failure
72
describe the presentation of a patient with the type 1 form of the condition seen in the image
* **\<40 yrs old & skinny** (lack of insulin → catabolic state)
* **fruity breath** (caused by ketones)
* **vomiting** (ketones irritate area postrema)
* **Kussmaul breathing** (hyperventilating to compensate for met. acidosis)
73
the most common cause of death in the condition seen in the image is \_\_\_\_
the most common cause of death in the condition seen in the image is **arrhythmias**
74
hypocalcemia can be caused by ____ by EDTA
hypocalcemia can be caused by **chelation** by EDTA
75
the condition seen in the image is lined by cells with ____ nuclei
the condition seen in the image is lined by cells with **clear "Orphan Annie eye"** **nuclei**
76
describe the OGTT levels in normal, diabetic and pre-diabetic patients
77
the condition in the image is benign solely because the ____ is intact
the condition in the image is benign solely because the **capsule** is intact
78
list the 3 ways in which obesity can lead to T2DM
1. **production of free fatty acid**
* antagonizing insulin action
* lipotoxicity
2. **change in adipokines levels**
* decrease leptin and adiponectin levels in obesity
3. **inflammation**
* role of IL-1
* **amyloidosis** within the islets
79
the most important risk factor for the condition seen in the image is \_\_\_\_
the most important risk factor for the condition seen in the image is **iodine deficiency**
80
describe microangiopathic complications in the condition seen in the image
microangiopathic complications:
* affects capillaries, arterioles, small blood vessels
* characterized by thickening of BMs which causes leakiness
* **manifestation**: nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy
81
in SIADH, the retention in water can cause ____ which can lead to \_\_\_\_
in SIADH, the retention in water can cause **hyponatremia** which can lead to **cerebral edema, neurological symptoms, coma, and death**
82
for the condition seen in the image:
\_\_\_\_ testing is more sensitive
\_\_\_\_ is more specific
for the condition seen in the image:
**plasma metanephrine** testing is more sensitive
**24-hour urinary catecholamines and metanephrines** is more specific
83
on biopsy of the condition seen in the image, there are \_\_\_\_\_
on biopsy of the condition seen in the image, there are **sheets of malignant cells in amyloid stroma**
84
in the condition seen in the image, the lumen is lined by ____ instead of the normal ___ and the colloid within the follicular lumen is \_\_\_\_\_
in the condition seen in the image, the lumen is lined by **columnar cells** instead of the normal **cuboidal cells** and the colloid within the follicular lumen is **pale with scalloped margins**
85
the condition seen in the image causes generalized ____ which can compress the ___ nerve leading to \_\_\_\_
the condition seen in the image causes generalized **myxedema** which can compress the **median** **nerve** leading to **carpal tunnel syndrome**
86
list the infections that can lead to adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison's disease)
* **TB**
* **AIDS**
* **meningitis** → Waterhouse-Fredericksen syndrome, which causes hemorrhage and destruction of the adrenal glands
87
describe the management of DKA
saline infusion to replace fluid loss
insulin IV in small increments (to reduce glucose slowly)
potassium supplements
88
T1DM has an association with HLA-\_\_\_, ____ & \_\_\_\_
T1DM has an association with HLA-**DR3**, **DR4/DQA1** & **DQB1**
89
describe "thyroid storm" in relation to the condition seen in the image
**stress causes elevated catecholamines and massive hormone excess → arrhythmias, hyperthermia, vomiting, hypovolemic shock**
90
describe 11B-hydroxylase def.
91
list causes of hypercalcemia
**hyperparathyroidism**
excessive vit. D
granulomas (TB, sarcoidosis) because they activate vit. D
high bone turnover (thryotoxicosis, Paget's disease)
92
insulin promotes K+ movement (into or out of?) cells by \_\_\_\_
insulin promotes K+ movement **into** cells by **increasing the action of the Na/K ATPase**
93
the condition seen in the image occurs when ____ accumulates in tissues
## Footnote
**explain this**
**accumulation of sugar alcohols (polyols) in tissues** which do not require insulin for glucose uptake
glucose → sorbitol
sorbitol accumulation causes osmotic effects and depletion of myoinositol, AAs and K+
94
the first morphological sign of the condition seen in the image is ___ and \_\_\_\_
the first morphological sign of the condition seen in the image is **basement membrane thickening** and **mesangial expansion**
95
\_\_\_\_ antibodies may play a role in T1DM
**islet cell** antibodies may play a role in T1DM
96
the most important predisposing factor for the condition seen in the image is \_\_\_\_\_
the most important predisposing factor for the condition seen in the image is **long-standing ionizing radiation**
97
list the infections associated with secondary DM
CMV
mumps
Coxsackie B virus
98
the condition seen in the image secretes which 3 hormones in its paraneoplastic syndrome?
MAVS
**M**edullary carcinoma
**A**CTH
**V**IP
**S** erotonin
99
list the clinical features associated with the condition seen in the image
100
describe how the condition seen in the image can affect the vascular system
**atherosclerotic plaques → MI, stroke,** peripheral vascular disease
101
\_\_\_\_ is the most common precipitating factor for DKA; what are 3 other causes?
**missed insulin dose** is the most common precipitating factor for DKA
* infection or acute illness
* trauma
* emotional disturbance
102
MEN2A and MEN2B are caused by mutations in \_\_\_\_
MEN2A and MEN2B are caused by mutations in **RET**
103
in patients with adrenal insufficiency (Addison's), there is high ___ activity due to low ____ levels
in patients with adrenal insufficiency (Addison's), there is **high** **renin** activity due to **low** **aldosterone** levels
104
list the triad of symptoms that are specific to the condition seen in the image
* **finger clubbing (thyroid acropachy)**
* **ophthalmopathy** (exopthalmos b/c fibroblasts have TSH receptors and pushes the eye forward)
* **pretibial myxedema** (non-pitting edema b/c fibroblasts have TSH receptors → GAGs)
105
the condition seen in the image causes HTN b/c cortisol is a weak ____ and also upregulates \_\_\_\_
the condition seen in the image causes HTN b/c cortisol is a weak **mineralocorticoid (acts like aldosterone)** and also **upregulates α-1 receptors**
106
in the condition seen in the image, ___ is increased which leads to increased \_\_\_
explain this effect on men vs. women
in the condition seen in the image, **TRH** is increased which leads to increased **prolactin**
_females_: amenorrhea, galactorrhea, infertility (bc no LH surge)
_males_: gynecomastia, decreased libido, infertility
107
list the vascular causes of hypopituitarism
Sheehan's syndrome (post-partum hemorrhage)
severe hypotension
108
describe the cholesterol levels in the condition seen in the image
**hypercholesterolemia** due to lack of thyroid hormones which causes a decrease in LDL receptors
109
the condition seen in the image occurs due to a mutation in \_\_\_\_
the condition seen in the image occurs due to a mutation in **KRAS** (since its a progression of follicular adenoma, which also has KRAS mutation)
110
explain how the condition seen in the image can be part of MEN2B
MEN2B = 3 Ms, 1 P
* MEN2B:
* medullary carcinoma of thyroid
* marfinoid habitus
* mucosal neuromas
* pheochromocytoma
111
explain how the condition seen in the image can be part of MEN2A
MEN2A = 2 P's, 1 M
* MEN2A consists of:
* **medullary carcinoma of the thyroid**
* **parathyroid adenoma/hyperplasia**
* **pheochromocytoma**
112
the most common presentation of the condition seen in the image is \_\_\_\_
the most common presentation of the condition seen in the image is **asymptomatic (non-functional)**
113
diagnosis of 21-hydroxylase deficiency can be made by seeing increased levels of ____ in the blood
diagnosis of 21-hydroxylase deficiency can be made by seeing increased levels of **17a-hydroxyprogesterone** in the blo od
114
describe the image and what condition it is seen in
the follicles are **lined by tall columnar epithelial cells** that are actively resorbing the colloid in the centers of the follicles, resulting in a **"scalloped"** appearance of the colloid
115
list causes of central DI
* genetic
* hypothalamic or high pituitary stalk lesion
* head trauma, tumors, inflammatory disorders
* idiopathic
116
T1DM is associated with which 4 viruses?
Coxsackie B
Rubella
CMV
mumps
117
in the condition seen in the image, the thyroid gland is (smaller or larger?) due to diffuse ____ and hyperplasia of \_\_\_\_
in the condition seen in the image, the thyroid gland is **larger** due to **diffuse hypertrophy** and **hyperplasia** of **follicular epithelial cell**
118
δ-cells in the islets of Langerhans secrete \_\_\_\_\_
δ-cells in the islets of Langerhans secrete **somatostatin**
119
the most common cause of Addison's disease is \_\_\_\_
the most common cause of Addison's disease is **autoimmune disease**
120
SIADH causes an increase in ___ secretion which ultimately causes ___ and leads to \_\_\_\_
SIADH causes an increase in **ADH** secretion which ultimately causes **water retention** and leads to **hyponatremia**
121
the condition seen in the image is associated with which tumor?
monoclonality of germinal center → **non-Hodgkin's B cell lymphoma**
122
hypocalcemia can be caused by hypo\_\_\_\_, which causes a decrease in total plasma calcium but ___ is normal
hypocalcemia can be caused by **hypoalbuminemia**, which causes a decrease in total plasma calcium but **ionized calcium** is normal
123
list the causes of SIADH
* post-operative
* intra-cranial disease:
* encephalitis, meningitis, head injury
* neoplasms: small cell ca. of the lung
* pulm. disease: pneumonia, TB
* drugs/medications
124
describe the electrolyte levels seen in DKA
increased K
decreased Na
125
describe the presentation of the condition seen in the image
episodic HTN, anxiety, palpitations, headache, excessive sweating, cardiac arrhythmias
126
hypophosphatemia can lead to ____ due to depletion of \_\_\_\_
hypophosphatemia can lead to **hemolysis** due to depletion of **2,3-diphosphoglycerate**
127
the condition seen in the image can cause primary hyperaldosteronism, which is also called \_\_\_\_, if it arises from zona \_\_\_\_
the condition seen in the image can cause primary hyperaldosteronism, which is also called **Conn syndrome**, if it arises from **zona glomerulosa**
128
which 2 genetic syndromes are associated with secondary DM?
Down syndrome and Turner syndrome
129
describe the presentation of the most common form of the condition seen in the image in females vs. males
females: **galactorrhea, amenorrhea, anovulation, infertility**
males: headache, **decreased libido, erectile impotence**
130
the condition seen in the image is a tumor of ___ (\_\_\_ cells)
the condition seen in the image is a tumor of **adrenal medulla (****chromaffin** cells)
131
the risk of T2DM increases with an increase in \_\_\_\_
the risk of T2DM increases with an increase in **BMI**
132
the condition seen in the image can be part of which 4 conditions?
**MEN2A**
**MEN2B**
**Von-Hippel-Lindau syndrome (w/ RCC)**
**Neurofibromatosis**
133
hypocalcemia is characterized by (increased or decreased?) neuromuscular excitability, which can cause which 3 conditions?
hypocalcemia is characterized by **increased** neuromuscular excitability, which can cause:
## Footnote
**tetany**
**paresthesia**
**cramps**
134
list the 2 antibodies found in the condition seen in the image
**anti-thyroglobulin**
**anti-microsomal antibodies (**aka **anti-thyroid peroxidase)**
135
the condition seen in the image occurs with ____ secretion after \_\_\_\_
the condition seen in the image occurs with **excessive GH** secretion after **fusion of the epiphysis**
136
name 2 systemic conditions that can cause hypopituitarism
sarcoidosis
hemochromatosis
137
hypophosphatemia can cause breakdown of \_\_\_\_
hypophosphatemia can cause breakdown of **skeletal muscle (aka rhabdomyolysis)**
138
the condition seen in the image occurs due to a mutation in ____ which is a ____ gene
the condition seen in the image occurs due to a mutation in **RET which is a proto-oncogene**
139
T1DM is characterized by ____ reacting against endogenous ____ due to failure of \_\_\_\_
T1DM is characterized by **immune effector cells** reacting against endogenous **B-cells antigens** due to failure of **self-tolerance in T-cells**
140
\_\_\_\_ are used as a screening test for the condition seen in the image
**IGF-1 levels** are used as a screening test for the condition seen in the image
GH acts on the liver to produce IGF-1
**IGF-1 is more stable than GH** and therefore more important in diagnosis of acromegaly
141
the condition seen in the image spreads \_\_\_\_
the condition seen in the image spreads **hematogenously (to liver, lungs, bone)**
142
α-cells in the islets of Langerhans secrete \_\_\_\_
α-cells in the islets of Langerhans secrete **glucagon**
