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PathoBiology > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

Hormones in the blood

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2
Q

How do endocrine disorders arise/ caused

A

Hormone is secreted to excess
Hormone deficiency is present
Target cells for the hormone ate dysfunctional
Hereditary/congenital defects affect endocrine secretion
Blood supply to and endocrine tissue is affected
Endocrine tissue has undergone hyperplasia

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3
Q

How are endocrine disorders usually caused

A

Tumour(usually benign)

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4
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of endocrine disorder

A

Physiologic action of the hormone

Effects of tumour

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5
Q

What is a goitre

A

Enlargement of the thyroid gland

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6
Q

What is a endemic goitre

A

Low iodine levels

Cannot have normal T4 & T3 production

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7
Q

What is a toxic goitre

A

Thyroid gland is overstimulated-excessive T4 & T3 production will produce toxic effects

OR

Excessive TSH stimulation- goitrogens(triggers to keep producing)

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8
Q

What is a goitrogens

A

Block T3 & T4 secretion

  • TSH levels rise
  • TEH causes thyroid hyperplasia( goitre)
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9
Q

What is a condition that is associated with hyperthyroidism

A

Graves Disease

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10
Q

What type of pathophysiology is associated with Graves disease

A

Autoimmune which self is attacking thyroid

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11
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Hyperthyroidism

A

Hypermetabolism

  • always hot
  • weight loss despite increased appetite

Increased sympathetic activity

  • Heart palpitations
  • tachycardia
  • hypertension( vasoconstriction)

Protruding eyes( build up of tissues in orbit pushes eyes outward)

Staring/unblinking

May cause vision loss

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12
Q

What type of hormones and how are these affected with Graves disease

A

TSH level - not high
TRH level- not high
T4/T3 high

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13
Q

What are the 3 different types/conditions of Hyperthyroidism

A

Goitre
Graves disease- exophthalmos
Thyrotoxicosis- thyroid storm

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14
Q

What is Throtoxicosis and how is it caused

A

Hyperthyroidism

Sudden onset acute

Triggered by stress with acute adrenalin episode

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15
Q

Why can thyrotoxicosis be life threatening?

A

Hyperthermia
Tachycardia
Hypertension
Heart failure

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16
Q

What are 3 different types/ conditions in hypothroidism

A

Hashimotos
Myxedema
Cretinism

17
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

Hypometablism

Decreased sympathetic activity

18
Q

What is hashimotos

A

Autoimmune destruction of thyroid tissue
Insidious onset
I.mu e attack = inflammation

19
Q

What is Myxedema

A

Severe hypothyroidism

Increased fluid

20
Q

What is Cretinism

A

Only in kids

Low iodine which is a deficit in brain develpment

21
Q

What is Cushing Syndrome and how is it caused

A

Excessive glucocorticoid secretion

Adrenal adenoma
Pituitary adenoma
Paraneopladtic syndrome( tumour in lung)
Iatrogenic( Dr caused…to much steriods/meds)

22
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Cushing disease

A

To much cortisol

Fat metabolism
-redistribution of body fat( moon face, buffalo hump)

Carbs metabolism

  • diabetes like syndrome with elevated blood glucose)
  • glucose sparing effects( gluconeogenesis)

Accelerated metabolism

  • fragile skin
  • stretch marks
  • osteoporosis
  • muscle wasting

Hypertension (RAAS)
Growth of hair

Immune suppression

23
Q

What is Addison diseaze

A

Opposite of Cushing

Low cortisol

24
Q

Sign and symptoms of Addison disease

A 
Reflects Glucocorticoid ( cortisol)
Decrease glucose mobilization 
Poor response to stress
Fatigue 
Weight loss
Reflects mineralocorticoid( aldosterone)
Hypotension
Hypoatremia( blood sodium)
Hypokalemia( potasdium)
Cardiac arrhythmias and failure

Decreased in body hair

25
Q

What is Hypoglycemia

A

Insulin shock

Overbundance of insulin

26
Q

What are the neurological sign of hypoglycemia

A

CNS glucose deprivation

  • inability to concentrate
  • slurred speech
  • lack of coordination
  • staggering gait
  • loss of consciousness
  • seizures
  • death
27
Q

What are the sympathetic nervous system signs

A 
Rapid heart rate
Pale skin
Anxiety
Diaphoresis
Tremors
28
Q

What are the steps in hypoglycemia

A 
Excess insulin in blood
Increased transport of glucose in cells
Hypoglycemia ( decrease  CNS function)
Stimulates SNS
No glucose intake
Blood glucose levels decrease further 
Coma and death
29
Q

What is ketoacidosis

A

Insufficient Insulin level

PathoBiology (2 decks)

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