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PathoBiology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are congenital abnormalities with disorders of the oral cavity

A

Cleft lip/palate
Which arises in the 7th week gestation
Feeding problem as infant,speech problems

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2
Q

What are disorders in the oral cavity

A

Congenital abnormalities

Inflammatory lesions

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3
Q

What are 3 main disorders of the oral cavity Infections

A

Candidiasis
Herpes Simplex type 1
Syphillis

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4
Q

What are 4 main Disorders of the oral cavity

Dental problem

A

Caries
Gingivitis
Periodontal disease
Hyperkeratosis

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5
Q

What are 3 Disorders of the oral cavity

Salivary gland disorder

A

Sialadenitis
Mumps Infectious parotitis
Non Infectious parotitis

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6
Q

What is an inflammatory lesions disorder of the oral cavity and describe what it would look like and can it heal

A

Aphthous ulcers
Step sangria is involved as oral resident flora
Small painful lesions that are on the mucosa, buccal mucosa,floor of the mouth,soft palate, lateral borders of tongue
Heal spontaneously

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7
Q

What is Candidiasis disorder of the oral cavity and describe what it looks like

A

It is an infection
Candida albicans is the causative agent
Happen because of a depressed immune system
Oral candidiasis(thrush)comes from broad spectrum antibiotics, during or after cancer therapy, immunocomproised indiv with diabetes

Red, swollen,irregular pat he’s of curslike material

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8
Q

What is Herpes Simplex type 1 disorder of the oral cavity and how is it transmitted

A

It is a infection

Transmitted by kissing or close contact

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9
Q

How is herpes simplex activated

A

Stress, trauma and other infection

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10
Q

Is there treatment for herpes simplex

A

Yes only acute
Acute stage may be alleviated by antiviral medication
Other wise No and stays dormant in sensory ganglion

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11
Q

What is syphilis disorder in the oral cavity and there 2 stages

A

Caused by treponema pallidum
Can be oral lesions

PRIMARY Stage
painless ulcer on to tongue,lip and heal spontaneously

SECONDARY Stage
red macules on palate

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12
Q

Is syphilis contagious

A

Yes, highly

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13
Q

What is the Treatment for syphillis

A

Long acting pencillin

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14
Q

What is Caries in the oral cavity

what causes it

A

Bacteria break down sugars and produce large quantities of lactic acid which dissolves teeth
Caused by Step mutants and lactobacillus

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15
Q

What type of cancer can be in the oral cavity

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Kaposi sarcoma
Lip vancer

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16
Q

What is Squamous carcinoma

A

Common in over 40

Type of cancer

Causes: smokers, leukoplakia, alcohol abuse

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17
Q

What is a Kaposi sarcoma

A

Cancer with people who have aids

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18
Q

What is Lip cancer caused by

A

Common in smokers

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19
Q

Name 3 types Salivary Gland Disorders

A

Sialadenitis-inflammation
Mumps-infectious parotitis
Non-infectious parototid-inadequate fluid intake

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20
Q

What is Dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

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21
Q

What are the Causes of dysphagia

A

Neurological deficit ( stroke, brain damage, infection)

Muscular disorder(muscular dystrophy)

Mechanical obstruction( developmental anomaly, stenosis-narrowing of esophagus, tumour,outpouching)

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22
Q

What happens to people with dysphagia

A

Pain with swallowing

Inability to swallow larger pieces

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23
Q

What are 4 conditions that can arise from dysphagia

A

Congenital atresia(developmental anomaly, upper and lower esophageal segments are separated)

24
Q

What is Esophageal Cancer and how does it happen

A 
Squamous cell carcinoma 
Usually In distal esophagus
Poor prognosis
Associated with chronic irritation: chronic esophagitus,narrowing or esophagus, histal hernia,smoking or alcohol abuse
Significant Dysphagis in later changes
25
Q

What is Histal Hernia and what are the sign and symptoms

A

Stomach protrudes into the thoracic cavity
1-sliding :portions of stomach and gastroesophageal junction slide up above diaphragm
2-paraesophageal:part of fundus of stomach moves up through weak hiatus in the diaphragm and get trapped

S&S
Heartburn 
Frequent belching
Discomfort with laying down 
substetnal pain that radiates to shoulder and jaw
26
Q

Whst is Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and can it be treated

A

Reflux of gastric contents into distal esophagus causes erosion and inflammation

Often seen in conjunction with histal hernia

Severity depends on ability to stay closed(sphincter)

Treated with medication to reduce reflux and inflammation

27
Q

What is hepatitis

A

Inflammation of liver

28
Q

What 2 mechanisms cause liver damage in viral hepatitis

A

Intracellular virus replication-
hepatocyte cell lysis( Hep C)

Aggressive immune response to virally infected cells-causes severe inflammation and hepatocyte damage(HBV)

29
Q

What 3 different range of severity in viral hepatitis

A

Sub clinical- no symptoms
Fulminant-acute onset
Liver failure

30
Q

What are Possible outcomes caused by hepatitis

A

Regeneration of tissue
Scar tissue formation
Hepatocellular carcinoma

31
Q

What happens with scarring from cirrhosis affects liver

A

Prevents bile flow

Prevents normal blood flow

32
Q

Which viral hepatitis are acute

A

HAV

HBV

33
Q

What happens if viral hepatitis becomes chronic and when does it occur

A

Leads to fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma

Occurs in 5-10% of cases of adult onset HBV infection
Occurs in 50% of cases in HCV infection

34
Q

What is the Hep D virus
Is RNA or DNA
What is the transmission

A

RNA virus
Cannot replicate on own–requires HBV co Infection
Which increases severity of HBV
Blood borne transmission

35
Q

What is Hep E virus
Is it RNA or DNA
What is the transmission

A

RNA virus
Similar to A but a bit more serious especially in Asia and Africa
Fecal oral transmission

36
Q

What is Hep C
Is is RNA or DNA
What is the transmission

A 
RNA virus
HCV mutates frequently and virus changes antigens to frequently 
No vaccine
Transmission exposure by blood 
Sexual transmission
37
Q

What happens if you have Chronic Hep C

A

Cirrhosis( 10-20%)

Hepatocellular carcinoma -20x higher in chronic HCV

38
Q

What is Hep B virus
Is it a RNA or DNA
What is the transmission

A

DNA
Blood, bodily fluids and mother to neonatal transmission
Vaccine

39
Q

What can happen later in life after Hep B is passed through neonate

A

No immune aggression against virus

Cause hepatocyte damage and symptoms of infection

40
Q

What is the difference between Chronic Hep B and Chronic Hep C

A

Chronic HBV-results because of a failure of immune system to respond

Chronic HCV-results in spite of otherwise well activated immune response which will become more chronic

41
Q

What are the 3 stages of the course of infection in Hepatitis

A

Pre-icteric( no jaundice)
Ictwric(jaundice)
Post-icteric(recovery)

42
Q

What is pre-icteric phase

A 
No jaundice ( increase in bilirubin which the liver can not breakdowm)
Prodromal phase
43
Q

What is icteric phase

What are thes signs and symptoms

A

Jaundice

S/S reflect impaired function of inflamed/damaged liver

Swelling and pain

Elevated clotting time

Jaundice - decrease bilirubin metabolism

Dark Urlne

Light course stool- decrease bilirubin metabolism

44
Q

What is a post- icteric phase

A

Recovery

Resolutions of Infection makes it tolerable with the sign and symptoms

45
Q

What is the treatment of Hepatitis

A

Immunomodulators- interferon may stimulate immunity to virus which interfere with virus

Antiviral agents to reduce HBV viral burden

46
Q

What is cirrhosis of the liver

A

Damage and scarring of the liver

47
Q

Why does cirrhosis happen

A

Progressive liver destruction resulting from a number of liver diseases

48
Q

What are some causes of Cirrhosis

A

Alcoholic liver disease
Hillary cirrhosis(immune disorder )
Post narcotic cirrhosis( hepatitis or chemical exposure)
Metabolic ( iron storage disorder)

49
Q

What leads to scarring in normal liver architecture

A

Distortion of lobule bile ducts and blood vessels impairs function

Ischemia , biliary back up - inflammation which equals more damage

50
Q

What first happens to the liver and then later what happens to the shape

A 
First swells(edema)
Later will see shrinkage as it progrsses
51
Q

What is cirrhosis related to pathophysiologically

A

Loss of normal hepatocyte function

Damage to liver architecture affecting bile flow

Damage to liver architecture affecting blood flow

52
Q

What is the loss of function with loss of normal hepatocyte function

A 
Impaired bilirubin metabolism(jaundice)
Impaired bile production (Impaired nutrient absorption)
Impaired clotting factor production
Impaired albumin production(edema)
Decreased iron  storage( anemia)
Impaired steroid inactivation
Impaired detoxification
53
Q

Why is ascites a problem

A

Upward pressure on diaphragm(impairs respiration)
Increased risk of peritontitis
Impaired digestion and absortion

54
Q

Why is there impaired bile flow with loss of normal hepatocyte function/ liver damage

A

Obstruction jaundice(back up bile in liver)

Malnutrition ( reduced bile in intestine)

55
Q

Why is there impaired blood flow with liver damage

A

Hepatic portal system is at hypertension:
Splenomegaly( hemolytic jaundice and decrease in platelets)

Malnutrition ( to much blood in stomach and intestine(congestion))

Ascites

56
Q

is their a treatment to cirrhosis

A

No cure BUT supportive therapies

Albumin infusion
Clotting factor replacement
Hormone inhibitors
Antibiotics to reduce ammonia made by intestinal flora

PathoBiology (2 decks)

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