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PathoBiology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are congenital abnormalities with disorders of the oral cavity

A

Cleft lip/palate
Which arises in the 7th week gestation
Feeding problem as infant,speech problems

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2
Q

What are disorders in the oral cavity

A

Congenital abnormalities

Inflammatory lesions

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3
Q

What are 3 main disorders of the oral cavity Infections

A

Candidiasis
Herpes Simplex type 1
Syphillis

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4
Q

What are 4 main Disorders of the oral cavity

Dental problem

A

Caries
Gingivitis
Periodontal disease
Hyperkeratosis

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5
Q

What are 3 Disorders of the oral cavity

Salivary gland disorder

A

Sialadenitis
Mumps Infectious parotitis
Non Infectious parotitis

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6
Q

What is an inflammatory lesions disorder of the oral cavity and describe what it would look like and can it heal

A

Aphthous ulcers
Step sangria is involved as oral resident flora
Small painful lesions that are on the mucosa, buccal mucosa,floor of the mouth,soft palate, lateral borders of tongue
Heal spontaneously

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7
Q

What is Candidiasis disorder of the oral cavity and describe what it looks like

A

It is an infection
Candida albicans is the causative agent
Happen because of a depressed immune system
Oral candidiasis(thrush)comes from broad spectrum antibiotics, during or after cancer therapy, immunocomproised indiv with diabetes

Red, swollen,irregular pat he’s of curslike material

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8
Q

What is Herpes Simplex type 1 disorder of the oral cavity and how is it transmitted

A

It is a infection

Transmitted by kissing or close contact

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9
Q

How is herpes simplex activated

A

Stress, trauma and other infection

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10
Q

Is there treatment for herpes simplex

A

Yes only acute
Acute stage may be alleviated by antiviral medication
Other wise No and stays dormant in sensory ganglion

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11
Q

What is syphilis disorder in the oral cavity and there 2 stages

A

Caused by treponema pallidum
Can be oral lesions

PRIMARY Stage
painless ulcer on to tongue,lip and heal spontaneously

SECONDARY Stage
red macules on palate

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12
Q

Is syphilis contagious

A

Yes, highly

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13
Q

What is the Treatment for syphillis

A

Long acting pencillin

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14
Q

What is Caries in the oral cavity

what causes it

A

Bacteria break down sugars and produce large quantities of lactic acid which dissolves teeth
Caused by Step mutants and lactobacillus

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15
Q

What type of cancer can be in the oral cavity

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Kaposi sarcoma
Lip vancer

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16
Q

What is Squamous carcinoma

A

Common in over 40

Type of cancer

Causes: smokers, leukoplakia, alcohol abuse

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17
Q

What is a Kaposi sarcoma

A

Cancer with people who have aids

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18
Q

What is Lip cancer caused by

A

Common in smokers

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19
Q

Name 3 types Salivary Gland Disorders

A

Sialadenitis-inflammation
Mumps-infectious parotitis
Non-infectious parototid-inadequate fluid intake

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20
Q

What is Dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

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21
Q

What are the Causes of dysphagia

A

Neurological deficit ( stroke, brain damage, infection)

Muscular disorder(muscular dystrophy)

Mechanical obstruction( developmental anomaly, stenosis-narrowing of esophagus, tumour,outpouching)

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22
Q

What happens to people with dysphagia

A

Pain with swallowing

Inability to swallow larger pieces

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23
Q

What are 4 conditions that can arise from dysphagia

A

Congenital atresia(developmental anomaly, upper and lower esophageal segments are separated)

24
Q

What is Esophageal Cancer and how does it happen

A 
Squamous cell carcinoma 
Usually In distal esophagus
Poor prognosis
Associated with chronic irritation: chronic esophagitus,narrowing or esophagus, histal hernia,smoking or alcohol abuse
Significant Dysphagis in later changes
25
What is Histal Hernia and what are the sign and symptoms
Stomach protrudes into the thoracic cavity 1-sliding :portions of stomach and gastroesophageal junction slide up above diaphragm 2-paraesophageal:part of fundus of stomach moves up through weak hiatus in the diaphragm and get trapped ``` S&S Heartburn Frequent belching Discomfort with laying down substetnal pain that radiates to shoulder and jaw ```
26
Whst is Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and can it be treated
Reflux of gastric contents into distal esophagus causes erosion and inflammation Often seen in conjunction with histal hernia Severity depends on ability to stay closed(sphincter) Treated with medication to reduce reflux and inflammation
27
What is hepatitis
Inflammation of liver
28
What 2 mechanisms cause liver damage in viral hepatitis
Intracellular virus replication- hepatocyte cell lysis( Hep C) Aggressive immune response to virally infected cells-causes severe inflammation and hepatocyte damage(HBV)
29
What 3 different range of severity in viral hepatitis
Sub clinical- no symptoms Fulminant-acute onset Liver failure
30
What are Possible outcomes caused by hepatitis
Regeneration of tissue Scar tissue formation Hepatocellular carcinoma
31
What happens with scarring from cirrhosis affects liver
Prevents bile flow | Prevents normal blood flow
32
Which viral hepatitis are acute
HAV | HBV
33
What happens if viral hepatitis becomes chronic and when does it occur
Leads to fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma Occurs in 5-10% of cases of adult onset HBV infection Occurs in 50% of cases in HCV infection
34
What is the Hep D virus Is RNA or DNA What is the transmission
RNA virus Cannot replicate on own--requires HBV co Infection Which increases severity of HBV Blood borne transmission
35
What is Hep E virus Is it RNA or DNA What is the transmission
RNA virus Similar to A but a bit more serious especially in Asia and Africa Fecal oral transmission
36
What is Hep C Is is RNA or DNA What is the transmission
``` RNA virus HCV mutates frequently and virus changes antigens to frequently No vaccine Transmission exposure by blood Sexual transmission ```
37
What happens if you have Chronic Hep C
Cirrhosis( 10-20%) | Hepatocellular carcinoma -20x higher in chronic HCV
38
What is Hep B virus Is it a RNA or DNA What is the transmission
DNA Blood, bodily fluids and mother to neonatal transmission Vaccine
39
What can happen later in life after Hep B is passed through neonate
No immune aggression against virus | Cause hepatocyte damage and symptoms of infection
40
What is the difference between Chronic Hep B and Chronic Hep C
Chronic HBV-results because of a failure of immune system to respond Chronic HCV-results in spite of otherwise well activated immune response which will become more chronic
41
What are the 3 stages of the course of infection in Hepatitis
Pre-icteric( no jaundice) Ictwric(jaundice) Post-icteric(recovery)
42
What is pre-icteric phase
``` No jaundice ( increase in bilirubin which the liver can not breakdowm) Prodromal phase ```
43
What is icteric phase | What are thes signs and symptoms
Jaundice S/S reflect impaired function of inflamed/damaged liver Swelling and pain Elevated clotting time Jaundice - decrease bilirubin metabolism Dark Urlne Light course stool- decrease bilirubin metabolism
44
What is a post- icteric phase
Recovery | Resolutions of Infection makes it tolerable with the sign and symptoms
45
What is the treatment of Hepatitis
Immunomodulators- interferon may stimulate immunity to virus which interfere with virus Antiviral agents to reduce HBV viral burden
46
What is cirrhosis of the liver
Damage and scarring of the liver
47
Why does cirrhosis happen
Progressive liver destruction resulting from a number of liver diseases
48
What are some causes of Cirrhosis
Alcoholic liver disease Hillary cirrhosis(immune disorder ) Post narcotic cirrhosis( hepatitis or chemical exposure) Metabolic ( iron storage disorder)
49
What leads to scarring in normal liver architecture
Distortion of lobule bile ducts and blood vessels impairs function Ischemia , biliary back up - inflammation which equals more damage
50
What first happens to the liver and then later what happens to the shape
``` First swells(edema) Later will see shrinkage as it progrsses ```
51
What is cirrhosis related to pathophysiologically
Loss of normal hepatocyte function Damage to liver architecture affecting bile flow Damage to liver architecture affecting blood flow
52
What is the loss of function with loss of normal hepatocyte function
``` Impaired bilirubin metabolism(jaundice) Impaired bile production (Impaired nutrient absorption) Impaired clotting factor production Impaired albumin production(edema) Decreased iron storage( anemia) Impaired steroid inactivation Impaired detoxification ```
53
Why is ascites a problem
Upward pressure on diaphragm(impairs respiration) Increased risk of peritontitis Impaired digestion and absortion
54
Why is there impaired bile flow with loss of normal hepatocyte function/ liver damage
Obstruction jaundice(back up bile in liver) Malnutrition ( reduced bile in intestine)
55
Why is there impaired blood flow with liver damage
Hepatic portal system is at hypertension: Splenomegaly( hemolytic jaundice and decrease in platelets) Malnutrition ( to much blood in stomach and intestine(congestion)) Ascites
56
is their a treatment to cirrhosis
No cure BUT supportive therapies Albumin infusion Clotting factor replacement Hormone inhibitors Antibiotics to reduce ammonia made by intestinal flora

PathoBiology (2 decks)

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