Endocrine

Question 1

Name the 6 hormones released by the hypothalamus

Answer 1

• Growth hormone releasing hormone
• Gonadotropin releasing hormone
• Thyroid hormone releasing hormone (thyrotropin)
• Corticotropin releasing hormone
• Prolactin-inhibitory Factor (Dopamine)
• Somatostatin

Question 2

Which hormones are stored in and released from the posterior pituitary?

Answer 2

• oxytocin
• antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (aka vasopressin)

Question 3

Explain the mnemonic “FLAT PEG”

Answer 3

Describes the hormones released from the anterior pituitary. The “FLAT” hormones are indirectly acting (ie, they simulate other tissues to release hormones) while the “PEG” hormones are direct acting (their target tissue activiation results in the hormonal action)

F- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

L- Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A- Adrenocorticotropin Hormone (ACTH)

T- Thyroid Simulating Hormone (TSH)

P- Prolactin

E- Endorphins

G- Growth Hormone (hGH)

Question 4

What are the 2 ways the hypothalamus

interacts with/communicates with the pituitary?

Answer 4

• it communicates with the anterior pituitary via the hypophyseal portal system of capillaries
• it communicates with the posterior pituitary via neuronal synapses (supraoptic nuclei extend their axons down thru the infundibulum to the posterior pituitary)

Question 5

What are the diagnositc criteria for Diabetes (non-pregnant)

Answer 5

Test Normal Pre-diabetes Diabetes

Fasting ≤99 mg/dL 100-125 mg/dL ≥126 mg/dL

(≥8 hrs, plasma)

2-hr post 75g OGT ≤139 140-199 mg/dL ≥200 mg/dL

random ≥200 mg/dL

with symptoms

HgA₁C ≤5.6% 5.7-6.4% ≥6.5%

Question 6

Where is aldosterone produced?

Answer 6

adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa cells)

Question 7

What is the trigger for the release of aldosterone?

Answer 7

• increased K+ in blood
• angiotensin II

Question 8

What is the action of aldosterone in the kidney?

Answer 8

• causes Na+ reabsorbtion from urine filtrate into the blood
• causes K+ secretion into urine (decreasing blood levels of K+)

Question 9

reversed prompt

• Growth hormone releasing hormone
• Gonadotropin releasing hormone
• Thyroid hormone releasing hormone (thyrotropin)
• Corticotropin releasing hormone
• Prolactin-inhibitory Factor (Dopamine)
• Somatostatin

Answer 9

Name the 6 hormones released by the hypothalamus

Question 10

reversed prompt

• oxytocin
• antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (aka vasopressin)

Answer 10

Which hormones are stored in and released from the posterior pituitary?

Question 11

reversed prompt

• increased K+ in blood
• angiotensin II

Answer 11

What is the trigger for the release of aldosterone?

Question 12

reversed prompt

• causes Na+ reabsorbtion from urine filtrate into the blood
• causes K+ secretion into urine (decreasing blood levels of K+)

Answer 12

What is the action of aldosterone in the kidney?