Endocrine

Question 1

Pituitary gland

Answer 1

produces hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and reproduction

Question 2

FSH

Answer 2

follicle stimulating hormone

stimulates growth of gonads

Question 3

LF

Answer 3

luteinizing hormone

stimulates growth of gonads

Question 4

ACTH

Answer 4

adrenocorticotropic hormone

stimulates adrenal gland, cortex to grow and be happy

Question 5

TSH

Answer 5

thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 6

PRL

Answer 6

prolactin

stimulates mammary glands

Question 7

GH

Answer 7

growth hormone

stimulates bones and muscles

Question 8

ADH

Answer 8

antidiuretic hormone

increases reabsorption of water from urine (kidney)

Question 9

OT

Answer 9

oxytocin
function on uterus and mammary glands

Question 10

neuroendocrine cells

Answer 10

dump hormones into primary plexus

Question 11

somatotrophs

Answer 11

secrete somatotropin (GH); inducers (GHRH); targets (all body cells); effects (cell growth and division); inhibitors (GHIH(somatostatin), IGFs)

Question 12

mammotrphs

Answer 12

secrete prolactin (PRL); induced (PRH); effects (mammary gland development and lactation); inhibitors (PIH(dopamine))

Question 13

corticotrophs

Answer 13

secrete adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH); inducer (CRH); target (adrenal cortex); effect (cortisol release); inhibitor (cortisol)

Question 14

gonadotrophs

Answer 14

secrete gonadotropins (follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)); inducer (GnRH); inhibited by ovarian and testicular hormones; effects 
FSH - stimulates ovarian follicular development and sperm production
LH - stimulates ovulation and testosterone production

Question 15

thyrotrophs

Answer 15

secrete thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH); inducer (TRH); target (thyroid gland); effect (T3 and T4 release); inhibitors (T3 and T4)

Question 16

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 16

inducers (increase blood osmolarity, decreased volume and decreased pressure); targets (kidney collecting ducts); effects (water reabsorption, urine concentration); inhibitors (decrease blood osmolarity, increased volume, and increased pressure; alcohol)

Question 17

oxytocin (OT)

Answer 17

inducers (infant nursing and crying); targets (uterus and breasts); effects (uterine contractions, milk let-down); inhibitors (Stress, catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine))

Question 18

thyroid gland

Answer 18

secretes T4 and T3
involved in growth and development and metabolism
secretes calcitonin; decreases blood calcium levels

Question 19

hypothyroidism (e.g., hashimoto’s thyroiditis, cretinism)

Answer 19

poor mental health and physical function, decreased cold resistance, impaired cognitive development in children

Question 20

hyperthyroidism (e.g, graves disease)

Answer 20

wasting, nervousness, increased heat production, tachycardia

Question 21

parathyroid gland

Answer 21

produce parathyroid hormone (PTH); increases blood Ca levels

PTH target cells are in the bone and kidney

Question 22

adrenal glands

Answer 22

outer adrenal cortex - 90%, inner suprarenal medulla
cortex produces corticosteroids; regulated by ACTH
medulla is regulated by sympathetic nervous system

Question 23

zona glomerulos

Answer 23

ultimately produces aldosterone - corticol steroid - salt and water balance

Question 24

zona fasciculata

Answer 24

ultimately produces cortisol (anti inflammatory and stress)

Question 25

zona reticularis

Answer 25

DHEA and Androstenedione

Question 26

adrenal insufficiency

Answer 26

``` low cortisol (hypocortisolism) primary, secondary, tertiary ```

Question 27

adrenal excess

Answer 27

``` high cortisol (hypercortisolism) primary, secondary, tertiary ```

Question 28

Islets of langerhans

Answer 28

cellular endocrine units of the predominantly exocrine pancreas individual cells of islets manufacture and secrete hormones into the surrounding vasculature in a typical endocrine fashion

Question 29

type 1 diabetes

Answer 29

insulin dependent autoimmune disorder targeting islet beta cells requires insulin injection daily

Question 30

type 2 diabetes

Answer 30

non insulin dependent target cells become resistant to insulin or beta cells do not produce enough insulin (or insulin malfunction) requires changes in diet and sometimes drugs