ENDOCRINE Flashcards
What causes type I diabetes?
-pancreatic insufficiency of insulin production
What causes type II diabetes?
- hyperglycemia
- insulin resistance
- impaired insulin secretion
Risk Factors for Type 1 DM
- presence of specific protein that forms antibodies
- family hx
- dietary factors
- type 1 or 2 DM in any 1st degree relative
- increased risk if father has DM
Risk Factors for Type 2 DM
- FHx
- obesity
- ethnicity (AA, Hispanic, Native American)
- GDM
- triglyceridemia or low HDL
- impaired glucose tolerance/fasting glucose
How is DM diagnosed?
- sxs of DM + casual glucose > 200
- fasting plasma glucose > 126
- 2 hour post prandial oral glucose tolerance test >200
How often should HgbA1c be tested? What is the goal level?
-q3 months and goal
How often should DM patients get an eye exam?
yearly
How often should DM pts have cholesterol checked? What is the goal?
- yearly
- LDL 40M, >50W
- TG
How often should microalbuminuria be checked? What is the goal level?
- yearly
- goal 30)
How often should BP be checked in DM pts? What is the goal level?
-every visit
-
What are some potential complications of DM?
- nephropathy
- chronic skin infxs
- neuropathy: peripheral neuropathy (monofilament test)
- ocular: diabetic cataracts, retinopathy
Symptoms:
- Fatigue, lethargy, weakness
- Cold intolerance
- Weight gain
- Myalgias, arthralgias
- Constipation, menstrual changes
- Hair loss
Hypothyroidism
Symptoms:
- Polyuria
- Polyphagia
- Polydipsia
- Weight loss
- Look ill
- Decreased C-peptide
Type 1 DM
Symptoms:
- Weight gain
- Menstrual changes
- Hirsutism
- HTN
- Easy bruising, proximal muscle weakness
- Decreased libido
Cushing Dz
Symptoms:
- Nervousness, emotional lability
- Irregular menses
- Sweating, heat intolerance
- Fatigue
- Increased appetite, weight loss
- Diarrhea
Hyperthyroidism
Symptoms:
- Polyuria
- Polydipsia
- Polyphagia
- Infections
- Blurred vision
- Peripheral neuropathy
Type 2 DM
Signs:
-Painless, symmetric goiter
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Signs:
- Dry, coarse skin, brittle nails, coarse hair
- Periorbital and peripheral edema
- Delayed reflexes, slow speech
- Bradycardic
- Muscle cramps, stiffness
Hypothyroid
Signs:
- Obesity, moon face, increased adipose tissue in neck and trunk
- Thin skin, purple striae on skin, acne
- HTN
Cushing Dz
Signs:
- Goiter
- Warm, moist skin
- Hair loss
- Tachycardia at rest, hyperreflexia
- Exophthalmos
Hyperthyroidism
What are the lab results for hyperthyroidism?
- low TSH/TRH
- elevated T4
Lab Results for Hypothyroidism
- high TSH
- low T4
Labs for Cushing Dz
- excretion of free cortisol in the urine >125 ug/dL in 24 hr
- dexamethasone suppression test
