Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Org Path Exam 2 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main way the endocrine system maintains homeostasis?

A

feedback inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What looks more like brain tissue? The anterior or posterior gland

A

the posterior gland does

but the anterior releases way more hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What causes hyperpituitarism?

A

adenoma in anterior lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What causes hypopituitarism?

A

Injury: ischemia, radiation, inflammation, nonfunctioning neoplasms causing compression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the other effects of a mass in the pituitary gland?

A

Visual field abnormalities
Increased intracranial pressure
Headaches, nausea, vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Bitemporal Hemianopsia and what causes it?

A

It is tunnel vision

  • due to the proximity of the optic nerves/chiasm to the sella, expanding pituitary lesions often compress the optic chiasm
  • causes visual field abnormalities, classically in the form of defects in the lateral (temporal) visual fields, so-called bitemporal hemianopsia or tunnel vision.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What’s the difference between a functional/non-functional adenoma?

A

Functional: composed of a single cell type and produce a single predominant hormone
Nonfunctional adenomas: likely to be detected at a later stage, thus grow bigger (don’t typically secrete hormones which is why they are detected later?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a pituitary apoplexy?

A

Adenoma with hemorrhage causing rapid enlargement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are symptoms of prolactinomas? (pituitary)

A

Amenorrhea, galactorrhea, infertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are symptoms of GH secreting adenomas? (pituitary)?

A

Gigantism in children

Acromegaly in adults (Enlargement of jaw, hands, feet, viscera)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the symptoms of corticotroph cell adenoma?

A

hypercortisolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the causes of hypopituitarism?

A

1) Sheehan syndrome
- enlargement of pituitary during pregnancy (increase in prolactin-secreting cells)
- Blood supply does not increase
- Vulnerable to ischemia in peripartum period
2) Empty sella syndrome
- Any condition that destroys all or part of the pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of hypopituitarism?

A
  • develop slowly

- Hypofunction of thyroid, adrenal glands, and gonads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

If the posterior pituitary has issues, what syndromes might be related to ADH?

A
  • ADH deficiency causes diabetes insipidus and dehydration (too much water coming out)
  • inappropriate ADH (SIADH) causes excessive resorption of water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

If the posterior pituitary has issues, what syndromes might be related to oxytocin?

A

Stimulates contraction of uterus and breast ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What types of hormones does the Thyroid secrete and what cells secrete each of the hormones?

A

Thyroid follicular cells: hormones to regulate metabolism

1) Thyroxine (T4)
2) Tri-iodothyronine (T3)

Parafollicular cells (“C cells”): calcitonin- regulates calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What causes the thyroid to secrete its hormones?

A
  • The hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin releasing hormone and the anterior pituitary releases thyroid stimulating hormone
  • all done via feedback mechanism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the causes of hyperthyroidism? (thyrotoxicosis)

A

Common causes:

  • Graves Disease –autoimmune disease
  • Excess exogenous(from outside) thyroid hormone
  • Multinodular goiter (hyperfunctional)
  • Thyroid adenoma (hyperfunctional)

Less common causes:
Pituitary adenoma (excess TSH)
Thyroiditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Graves disease and what does it cause?

A 
Autoimmune disease (hyperthyroidism(
Antibodies to TSH receptor
Women > men 
Younger adults (20-40 years)
Exophthalmos (when eyes bulge)
Pretibial myxedema (edema or fluid in shins)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are dental implications of hyperthyroidism?

A

catecholamine susceptibility (e.g. epinephrine)

Mild hyperthyroidism:
-exaggerated response to narcotic analgesics, sedatives in routine doses

Severe hyperthyroidism:

  • life threatening arrhythmias & cardiac failure
  • exacerbation of underlying cardiovascular symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What causes a multinodal goiter and what effect does it have on the thyroid?

A
  • Impaired synthesis of thyroid hormone -> increased TSH -> enlargement of thyroid
  • Compression of airway, esophagus, and large vessels in the neck
  • Hyperthyroid, euthyroid, hypothyroid
  • could be caused by Low Iodine and then TSH keeps signaling the thyroid to produce T3/T4
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is thyroiditis?

A

Inflammation causing injury to thyroid follicles and release of thyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the clinical features of hyperthyroid?

A

-Hyper metabolic state/over-reactive sympathetic nervous system
-Stimulation of the gut, hypermotility, malabsorption, diarrhea
-Weight loss despite increased appetite
-Nervousness tremor, palpitations, irritability
-Excessive sweating and heat intolerance
-Thyroid storm = medical emergency
Abrupt onset of severe hyperthyroidism –> cardiac arrhythmias and death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do we determine hyperthyroidism with lab tests?

A
  • Measure TSH concentration in serum, in conjunction with unbound (“free”) T4
  • High T4 would suppress TSH in primary hyperthyroidism
  • TSH may be elevated in pituitary disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What causes hypothyroidism?
- Ablation of thyroid by surgery or radiation - Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (autoimmune disease) - Primary idiopathic hypothyroidism - Pituitary disease - Dietary iodine deficiency
26
What do both Graves disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis have in common?
- both are autoimmune thyroid disease - for both, increased frequency of other autoimmune disorders: - Systemic lupus erythematosus - Type 1 diabetes mellitus - Addison disease
27
What do lab tests reveal for hypothyroidism?
T4 level is decreased and TSH level is increased due to loss of feedback inhibition
28
What are the dental implications of hypothyroidism?
-Exaggerated response to CNS depressants (narcotic analgesics, sedatives) Mild hypothyroidism: -exaggerated response to narcotic analgesics, sedatives in routine doses Severe hypothyroidism: -respiratory / cardiovascular depression
29
What are the differences between adenomas and carcinomas in regard to thyroid nodules?
Adenomas = benign neoplasms-clonal expansion of one cell that does not really travel anywhere else - Multiple nodules - “Hot” nodules Carcinomas = malignant (possibility of metastasis) - Solitary nodule - “Cold” nodules
30
What are the types of thyroid cancer and which is the main type?
Papillary carcinoma (75-85% of cases) Follicular carcinoma Medullary carcinoma Anaplastic carcinoma (worst case scenario)
31
What are the causes of thyroid cancer?
exposure to radiation: Treatment of tonsils, acne Atomic bomb survivors in Japan Chernobyl nuclear plant disaster
32
What are the microscopic features of the four types of thyroid cancer?
Papillary carcinoma: - Clear nuclei “Orphan Annie” - Papillary architecture Follicular carcinoma: Numerous small follicles resembling normal thyroid Medullary carcinoma: - Derived from parafollicular cells or “C cells” (calcitonin) - Follow calcitonin levels - Extracellular amyloid ("pink fluff" in picture) Anaplastic carcinoma (
33
Is the parathyroid gland affected by the pituitary and hypothalamus?
No! Unlike the other endocrine glands, the parathyroid glands are controlled by the level of FREE CALCIUM IN THE BLOOD, rather than hormones secreted by the pituitary and hypothalamus
34
What is the different between hyperplasia, adenoma, and carcinoma?
Hyperplasia-variable enlargement of all glands Adenoma-Enlargement of one gland with atrophy of others Carcinoma-Metastasis or invasion
35
What are the clinical features of hyperparathyroid?
- High calcium levels—worrisome for cancer - PTH may be inappropriately elevated for calcium level - PTH should be low to undetectable in non parathyroid disease “Painful bones, renal stones, abdominal groans, and psychic moans”
36
What causes hyperparathyroidism for primary vs. secondary?
Primary hyperparathyroidism: overproduction of PTH by the parathyroid - Hyperplasia - Adenoma - Carcinoma OR Secondary hyperparathyroidism (due to a secondary problem) - chronic renal insufficiency - Dietary calcium and/or vitamin D deficiency
37
What causes hypoparathyroidism?
- Surgical ablation of thyroid - Primary (idiopathic) atrophy of parathyroid glands - Thymic aplasia (DiGeorge’s syndrome) - Autoimmune disorders
38
What are clinical symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?
- Tingling, neuromuscular irritability, seizures | - Calcification of basal ganglia, dental abnormalities, osteosclerosis, osteomalacia
39
How is the adrenal gland stimulus?
the hypothalamus secretes cortisol releasing hormone which stims the ant. pituitary to release ACTH which causes the adrenal glands to release cortisol, aldosterone, & dehydroepiandrosterone
40
What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex and what do they produce?
Zona glomerulosa: aldosterone (salt) Zona fasciculata: steroids Zona reticularis: androgenic hormones
41
What does the adrenal medulla produce?
Norepinephrine & epinephrine (catecholamines)
42
What does hyperadrenals cause?
Glucocorticoids --> Cushing syndrome -Cortisol Mineralocorticoids-->hyperaldosteronism -Aldosterone Adrenocortical androgens --> virilizing syndromes
43
Describe Cushing Syndrome
- Most caused by having of exogenous glucocorticoids - Hypothalamic or pituitary hypersecretion of ACTH - --Pituitary adenoma - --Pituitary hyperplasia - Adrenocortical hyperplasia, adenoma, carcinoma - Secretion of ectopic ACTH by a neoplasm - overall excess cortisol!
44
What are the clinical signs of Cushing's syndrome?
trunk weight gain, buffalo hump, moon face, thinning of skin
45
What are lab tests for Cushing's syndrome?
- 24-hour urinary free cortisol level - always increased - Loss of normal diurnal pattern of cortisol secretion
46
What is hyperaldosteronism and what are the causes?
- basically causes more fluid in your vascular system - Excess aldosterone causes sodium retention and potassium excretion, with resultant hypertension and hypokalemia Causes: - Adrenocortical neoplasm (usually adenoma--most common) - Adrenocortical hyperplasia
47
What are the Adrenogenital syndromes?
Virilization: - Primary gonadal disorders - Adrenocortical neoplasms (usually carcinomas) - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - 21-hydroxylase deficiency
48
What happens if you get a deficiency in one of the pathways that make a adrenal cortex hormone?
It gets shunted over | it goes from mineralocorticoids, glucorticoids, and then sex hormones
49
Treatment of Cushing's syndrome
Treatment: exogenous glucocorticoids to suppress ACTH levels and provide adequate levels of glucocorticoids
50
what causes adrenal cortex insufficiency?
Primary adrenal disease: - Chronic primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease) - Acute primary adrenal insufficiency Decreased stimulation due to deficiency of ACTH
51
What is Addison's disease?
“General languor and debility, remarkable feebleness of the heart’s action… and a peculiar change in the color of the skin” Causes: Autoimmune (60-70%) Infections Metastasis
52
What causes acute adrenocortical insufficiency?
Any stress: - Rapid withdrawal of steroids on patient with chronic adrenal insufficiency - Failure to increase steroids during time of stress - Massive hemorrhage (childbirth, postoperative) - Infection - basically anything that destroys adrenal tissue including addison's etc.
53
What is the adrenal medulla generally?
- from neural crest !!! It might have a different embryologically origin than cortex - Nests of large cells with sympathetic nerve innervation - Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine (catecholamines)
54
What does Pheochromocytoma cause?
- It is a neoplasm secretes excess catecholamines --> hypertension - Abrupt increase in blood pressure, palpitations, tachycardia, headache, sweating, tremor, anxiety --> sudden death
55
What do the lab tests for pheochromocytoma look for?
Increased urinary excretion of free catecholamines and their metabolites, such as vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and metanephrines
56
What is a neuroblastoma?
a malignant adrenal medulla tumor | Young children
57
What is multiple endocrine neoplasia?
Neoplasia and/or hyperplasia of multiple endocrine glands (familial diseases)
58
What is MEN 1?
Pituitary, parathyroids, and pancreas (“3 Ps”) and Chrom. 11 Parathyroid: -Hyperplasia -Adenomas Pancreatic islets: - Carcinoma - Adenomas - Hyperplasia Pituitary: -Adenomas
59
What is MENII or IIa?
Thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal Thyroid: Medullary carcinoma (100%) Adrenal: Pheochromocytoma Parathyroid: Hyperplasia Chromosome 10
60
What is MEN IIb or III?
Thyroid, adrenal, mucocutaneous ganglioneuromas Thyroid: -Medullary carcinoma (100%) Adrenal: -Pheochromocytoma Extra endocrine changes: skin, oral mucosa, eyes, respiratory tract, gut -ganglioneuromas Chromosome 10

Org Path Exam 2 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions