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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > ENDOCRINE 20-1 / 20-2 > Flashcards

ENDOCRINE 20-1 / 20-2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the major link between the endocrine system and the nervous system

A

hypothalamus

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2
Q

what is considered the master gland of the body because it regulates the activity of the endocrine glands

A

pituitary gland

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3
Q

what structure attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

A

infundibulum

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4
Q

what connect capillaries in the hypothalamus to capillaries in the anterior pituitary

A

hypophyseal portal veins

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5
Q

what hormone stimulates HGH and IGF

A

GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone)

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6
Q

what hormone stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland

A

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

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7
Q

what hormone initiates the development of ovarian follicles

A

FSH

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8
Q

where is ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) secreted from

A

anterior pituitary

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9
Q

what hormone causes constriction of arterioles, thus causing an increase in blood pressure

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

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10
Q

which gland is butterfly shaped and located just below the larynxy

A

thyroid gland

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11
Q

what are the two thyroid hormones

A
  • T3
  • T4
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12
Q

what type of cells produce T3 and T4 hormones

A

follicular cells

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13
Q

what hormones increases the basal metabolic rate

A

thyroid hormones

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14
Q

what gland produce calcitonin?

what type of cells produce calcitonin?

A
  • thyroid gland
  • parafollicular cells of the thyroid glands
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15
Q

what is the small round mass of glandular tissue that are partially embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

A

parathyroid gland

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16
Q

what cells release parathyroid hormones PTH

A

chief cells

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17
Q

what gland promotes the formation of the hormone calcitrol

A

parathyroid

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18
Q

what type of function does the pancreatic islets have

A

endocrine

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19
Q

what hormone does alpha cells secrete

A

glucagon

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20
Q

the release of glucagon is stimulated by which division of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic

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21
Q

what hormone does beta cells secrete

A

insulin

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22
Q

what gland is responsible for releasing androgens

A

adrenal glands

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23
Q

what are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex

A
  • outer: glomerulosa
  • middle: fasciculata
  • inner: reticularis

“GFR”

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24
Q

which zone of the adrenal cortex is responsible for secreting cortisol

A

middle: fasciculata

“FC”

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25
Q

which zone of the adrenal cortex is responsible for secreting aldosterone

A

outer: glomerulosa

“GA”

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26
Q

what are conditions that initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway

A
  • dehydration
  • sodium deficiency
  • hemorrhage
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27
Q

what stimulates axillary and pubic hair in boys and girls and contributes to the growth spurt before puberty

A

androgens

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28
Q

what are the female sex hormones

A
  • estrogen
  • progesterone
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29
Q

what inhibits the secretion of FSH

A

inhibin

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30
Q

what hormone is released during pregnancy to increase the flexibility of the pubic symphysis

A

relaxin

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31
Q

where is testosterone produced

A

testes

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32
Q

what is the function of testosterone

A
  • develop male secondary sex characteristic (deep voice and beard growth)
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33
Q

what medication is used to fix someone’s circadian rhythm

A

melatonin

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34
Q

where is the pineal gland located

A

roof of the third ventricle of the brain at the midline

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35
Q

what happens to the thyroid hormone as we age

A

decrease

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36
Q

what does the decrease in thyroid hormones as we age cause

A
  • decreased metabolic rate
  • increased body fat
  • hypothyroidism
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37
Q

what affect does aging have on insulin?

what does this cause?

A
  • insulin is released more slower
  • blood glucose levels to increase
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38
Q

what affect does age have on HGH?

what does this cause?

A
  • decrease
  • muscle atrophy
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39
Q

what does prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol cause

what stage does this occur

A
  • wasting of muscles
  • suppression of the immune system
  • ulceration of GI tract
  • failure of pancreatic beta cells

EXHAUSTION STAGE

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40
Q

when does symptoms of hypoglycemia begin

A

60 mg/dL

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41
Q

when does impairment of the brain function begins in a hypoglycemic patient

A

50 mg/dL or less

42
Q

what are symptoms of postprandial hypoglycemia

A
  • sweating
  • palpitations
  • anxiety
  • tremulousness

“SPAT”

43
Q

how do we treat hypoglycemia if there is no altered mental status

A

they can eat or drink juice or candy

44
Q

what are the complications of hypoglycemia if left untreated

A
  • coma
  • brain damage
  • traumatic injuries (MVA, falls)
  • death
45
Q

what is the glucose level for pre-diabetes

A

100-125 mg/dL

46
Q

what are the risk factors of pre-diabetes

A
  • family history
  • obesity
  • diet
  • physical inactivity
  • race
  • women who delivered 9lbs babies
47
Q

what may be a reason for someone to have a random blood glucose values of
100-125 mg/dL

A

non-fasting glucose

48
Q

what kind of medication can cause someone blood glucose levels to increase

A
  • antibiotics
  • beta blockers
  • corticosteroids

“ABC”

49
Q

what is the initial treatment of pre-diabetes?

what is the next treatment for pre-diabetes if the initial treatment did not work

A
  • weight loss, diet and exercise
  • metformin
50
Q

what type of infections are common in patients with diabetes

A
  • candidal vaginitis
51
Q

what are some complications of diabetes

A
  • neuropathy
  • retinopathy
  • heart disease
52
Q

what is the term for a baby with a high birth weight

A

macrosomia

53
Q

what education would you give a patient with gestational diabetes

A

diet and exercise (nutritional counseling)

54
Q

what is the blood glucose level for a patient with DKA

A

over 250 mg/dL

55
Q

what is the hallmark symptoms of DKA

A
  • FRUITY BREATH
  • polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia
  • blood glucose > 250 mg/dL
56
Q

what is the first line treatment for DKA

A

FLUID REPLACEMENT

57
Q

what are the complications for DKA

A
  • AMI
  • renal failure
  • cerebral edema
58
Q

like the nervous system, what other system is one of your body’s main communicators

A

endocrine

59
Q

why cant TSH bind to cells of the ovaries

A

because ovarian cells does not have TSH receptors

60
Q

what hormone promotes synthesis and secretion of insulin like growth factors (IGF)

A

HGH (human growth hormone)

61
Q

what hormone triggers ovulation

A

LH

62
Q

what hormone:
- stimulates protein synthesis
- increase the use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production
- increase the breakdown of triglycerides
- enhance cholesterol excretion

A

thyroid hormones

63
Q

where is the parathyroid gland located

A

embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid

64
Q

what hormone is the major regulator of the levels of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions in the blood

A

PTH

65
Q

what effect does cortisol have on the anti-inflammatory effects

A

inhibits WBC that participate in inflammatory response

66
Q

what gland is responsible for regulating the circadian rhythm

A

pineal gland

67
Q

what type of surgeries is associated with postprandial hypoglycemia

A

GI surgeries

68
Q

what is the blood glucose level in patients with diabetes

A

blood glucose >/ 126 mg/dL

69
Q

what are lab findings that you will see on a urine dipstick in a patient with diabetes

A

glucosuria

70
Q

what is the most common cause of an endemic goiter

A

iodine deficiency

71
Q

what are signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism

A
  • cold intolerance
  • constipation
  • thin brittle nails
  • thinning of the hair
72
Q

how to treat hypothyroidism

A

levothyroxine (T4)

73
Q

what are some signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A
  • tachycardia
  • heat intolerance
  • bulging eyes (exophthalmos)
  • loose stools
  • menstrual irregularities
74
Q

what is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism

A

graves disease

75
Q

what are complications if hypothyroidism

A

myxedema coma

76
Q

what are signs and symptoms of toxic multi-nodular goiters

A
  • LOOSE STOOLS
  • sweating
  • weight loss
  • anxiety
  • heat intolerance
  • tachycardia
  • tremor
77
Q

when would you suggest malignancy in a thyroid nodule

A
  • hoarseness
  • nodules in men / young women
  • nodules that are solitary, firm, large, and fixed to trachea
  • enlarged lymph nodes
78
Q

what is the imaging of choice for a thyroid nodule

A

ultrasound

79
Q

what is the treatment for thyroid nodule malignant or not

A

fine needle aspiration (FNA)

80
Q

how to treat adrenal crisis

A

hydrocortisone IV

81
Q

what causes adrenal crisis

A

sudden withdrawal of adrenocortical hormones (prednisone) without proper taper

82
Q

what are signs and symptoms of chronic adrenal insufficiency

A
  • skin hyperpigmentation
  • sparse axillary hair
83
Q

what disease is associated with chronic adrenal insufficiency

A

addison’s disease

84
Q

what is the master gland of the body

A

pituitary gland

85
Q

what medication cause gynecomastia

A

INH

86
Q

what are the RED FLAGS of gynecomastia

A
  • asymmetry
  • density located away from sub-areolar region
  • nipple retraction
  • nipple bleeding / discharge
  • unusual firmness
87
Q

what labs to draw for gynecomastia

A

thyroid panel

88
Q

what is hirsutism

A

hair on the face in females

89
Q

what medical condition is associated with hirsutism

A

PCOS

90
Q

what medication is given to a patient who has PCOS and is trying to have a baby

A

clomiphene

91
Q

where to refer a patient with PCOS

A

OBGYN

92
Q

how to treat hyperthyroidism

A

radioactive iodine

93
Q

what medication is given for symptomatic relief of tachycardia, tremors, diaphoresis, and anxiety in patients with hyperthyroidism

A

beta blocker

94
Q

what are signs and symptoms of PCOS

A
  • menstrual disorders
  • infertility
  • acne
  • obesity
  • hirsutism
95
Q

what are the lab value ratio of LH/FSH in a patient with PCOS

A

2:1 or 3:1
(this is what disrupts ovulation)

96
Q

what is the first line treatment of PCOS?

if the first line of treatment does not work, what is the next treatment?

A
  • diet and exercise
  • metformin
97
Q

what are signs and symptoms of hypogonadism

A
  • fatigue
  • decrease strength
  • poor libido
98
Q

what type of infection is a primary cause of hypogonadism

A

mumps orchitis

99
Q

what is a secondary cause of hypogonadism associated with our population

A

use of opiates and steroids

100
Q

what is an important lab to draw for a patient with hypogonadism

A

PSA

101
Q

what is the treatment for gynecomastia if there are NO RED FLAGS

A

do nothing

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (2 decks)

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