ENDOCRINE 20-1 / 20-2 Flashcards
what is the major link between the endocrine system and the nervous system
hypothalamus
what is considered the master gland of the body because it regulates the activity of the endocrine glands
pituitary gland
what structure attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
infundibulum
what connect capillaries in the hypothalamus to capillaries in the anterior pituitary
hypophyseal portal veins
what hormone stimulates HGH and IGF
GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone)
what hormone stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
what hormone initiates the development of ovarian follicles
FSH
where is ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) secreted from
anterior pituitary
what hormone causes constriction of arterioles, thus causing an increase in blood pressure
ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
which gland is butterfly shaped and located just below the larynxy
thyroid gland
what are the two thyroid hormones
- T3
- T4
what type of cells produce T3 and T4 hormones
follicular cells
what hormones increases the basal metabolic rate
thyroid hormones
what gland produce calcitonin?
what type of cells produce calcitonin?
- thyroid gland
- parafollicular cells of the thyroid glands
what is the small round mass of glandular tissue that are partially embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
what cells release parathyroid hormones PTH
chief cells
what gland promotes the formation of the hormone calcitrol
parathyroid
what type of function does the pancreatic islets have
endocrine
what hormone does alpha cells secrete
glucagon
the release of glucagon is stimulated by which division of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic
what hormone does beta cells secrete
insulin
what gland is responsible for releasing androgens
adrenal glands
what are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex
- outer: glomerulosa
- middle: fasciculata
- inner: reticularis
“GFR”
which zone of the adrenal cortex is responsible for secreting cortisol
middle: fasciculata
“FC”
which zone of the adrenal cortex is responsible for secreting aldosterone
outer: glomerulosa
“GA”
what are conditions that initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway
- dehydration
- sodium deficiency
- hemorrhage
what stimulates axillary and pubic hair in boys and girls and contributes to the growth spurt before puberty
androgens
what are the female sex hormones
- estrogen
- progesterone
what inhibits the secretion of FSH
inhibin
what hormone is released during pregnancy to increase the flexibility of the pubic symphysis
relaxin
where is testosterone produced
testes
what is the function of testosterone
- develop male secondary sex characteristic (deep voice and beard growth)
what medication is used to fix someone’s circadian rhythm
melatonin
where is the pineal gland located
roof of the third ventricle of the brain at the midline
what happens to the thyroid hormone as we age
decrease
what does the decrease in thyroid hormones as we age cause
- decreased metabolic rate
- increased body fat
- hypothyroidism
what affect does aging have on insulin?
what does this cause?
- insulin is released more slower
- blood glucose levels to increase
what affect does age have on HGH?
what does this cause?
- decrease
- muscle atrophy
what does prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol cause
what stage does this occur
- wasting of muscles
- suppression of the immune system
- ulceration of GI tract
- failure of pancreatic beta cells
EXHAUSTION STAGE
when does symptoms of hypoglycemia begin
60 mg/dL
when does impairment of the brain function begins in a hypoglycemic patient
50 mg/dL or less
what are symptoms of postprandial hypoglycemia
- sweating
- palpitations
- anxiety
- tremulousness
“SPAT”
how do we treat hypoglycemia if there is no altered mental status
they can eat or drink juice or candy
what are the complications of hypoglycemia if left untreated
- coma
- brain damage
- traumatic injuries (MVA, falls)
- death
what is the glucose level for pre-diabetes
100-125 mg/dL
what are the risk factors of pre-diabetes
- family history
- obesity
- diet
- physical inactivity
- race
- women who delivered 9lbs babies
what may be a reason for someone to have a random blood glucose values of
100-125 mg/dL
non-fasting glucose
what kind of medication can cause someone blood glucose levels to increase
- antibiotics
- beta blockers
- corticosteroids
“ABC”
what is the initial treatment of pre-diabetes?
what is the next treatment for pre-diabetes if the initial treatment did not work
- weight loss, diet and exercise
- metformin
what type of infections are common in patients with diabetes
- candidal vaginitis
what are some complications of diabetes
- neuropathy
- retinopathy
- heart disease
what is the term for a baby with a high birth weight
macrosomia
what education would you give a patient with gestational diabetes
diet and exercise (nutritional counseling)
what is the blood glucose level for a patient with DKA
over 250 mg/dL
what is the hallmark symptoms of DKA
- FRUITY BREATH
- polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia
- blood glucose > 250 mg/dL
what is the first line treatment for DKA
FLUID REPLACEMENT
what are the complications for DKA
- AMI
- renal failure
- cerebral edema
like the nervous system, what other system is one of your body’s main communicators
endocrine
why cant TSH bind to cells of the ovaries
because ovarian cells does not have TSH receptors
what hormone promotes synthesis and secretion of insulin like growth factors (IGF)
HGH (human growth hormone)
what hormone triggers ovulation
LH
what hormone:
- stimulates protein synthesis
- increase the use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production
- increase the breakdown of triglycerides
- enhance cholesterol excretion
thyroid hormones
where is the parathyroid gland located
embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid
what hormone is the major regulator of the levels of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions in the blood
PTH
what effect does cortisol have on the anti-inflammatory effects
inhibits WBC that participate in inflammatory response
what gland is responsible for regulating the circadian rhythm
pineal gland
what type of surgeries is associated with postprandial hypoglycemia
GI surgeries
what is the blood glucose level in patients with diabetes
blood glucose >/ 126 mg/dL
what are lab findings that you will see on a urine dipstick in a patient with diabetes
glucosuria
what is the most common cause of an endemic goiter
iodine deficiency
what are signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism
- cold intolerance
- constipation
- thin brittle nails
- thinning of the hair
how to treat hypothyroidism
levothyroxine (T4)
what are some signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism
- tachycardia
- heat intolerance
- bulging eyes (exophthalmos)
- loose stools
- menstrual irregularities
what is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism
graves disease
what are complications if hypothyroidism
myxedema coma
what are signs and symptoms of toxic multi-nodular goiters
- LOOSE STOOLS
- sweating
- weight loss
- anxiety
- heat intolerance
- tachycardia
- tremor
when would you suggest malignancy in a thyroid nodule
- hoarseness
- nodules in men / young women
- nodules that are solitary, firm, large, and fixed to trachea
- enlarged lymph nodes
what is the imaging of choice for a thyroid nodule
ultrasound
what is the treatment for thyroid nodule malignant or not
fine needle aspiration (FNA)
how to treat adrenal crisis
hydrocortisone IV
what causes adrenal crisis
sudden withdrawal of adrenocortical hormones (prednisone) without proper taper
what are signs and symptoms of chronic adrenal insufficiency
- skin hyperpigmentation
- sparse axillary hair
what disease is associated with chronic adrenal insufficiency
addison’s disease
what is the master gland of the body
pituitary gland
what medication cause gynecomastia
INH
what are the RED FLAGS of gynecomastia
- asymmetry
- density located away from sub-areolar region
- nipple retraction
- nipple bleeding / discharge
- unusual firmness
what labs to draw for gynecomastia
thyroid panel
what is hirsutism
hair on the face in females
what medical condition is associated with hirsutism
PCOS
what medication is given to a patient who has PCOS and is trying to have a baby
clomiphene
where to refer a patient with PCOS
OBGYN
how to treat hyperthyroidism
radioactive iodine
what medication is given for symptomatic relief of tachycardia, tremors, diaphoresis, and anxiety in patients with hyperthyroidism
beta blocker
what are signs and symptoms of PCOS
- menstrual disorders
- infertility
- acne
- obesity
- hirsutism
what are the lab value ratio of LH/FSH in a patient with PCOS
2:1 or 3:1
(this is what disrupts ovulation)
what is the first line treatment of PCOS?
if the first line of treatment does not work, what is the next treatment?
- diet and exercise
- metformin
what are signs and symptoms of hypogonadism
- fatigue
- decrease strength
- poor libido
what type of infection is a primary cause of hypogonadism
mumps orchitis
what is a secondary cause of hypogonadism associated with our population
use of opiates and steroids
what is an important lab to draw for a patient with hypogonadism
PSA
what is the treatment for gynecomastia if there are NO RED FLAGS
do nothing
