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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > 20-1 A&P ENDOCRINE > Flashcards

20-1 A&P ENDOCRINE Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 8 major glands of the endocrine system

A
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary
  • parathyroid
  • pancreas
  • pineal gland
  • thyroid
  • adrenals
  • ovaries and testes
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2
Q

a specific cell with specific receptors that will respond to specific hormones

A
  • target cell
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3
Q

how many receptors does target cells have

A
  • 2,000 to 100,000
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4
Q

what are the 3 lipid soluble hormones

A
  • steroid hormones
  • thyroid hormones
  • nitric oxide
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5
Q

which type of hormones are water soluble

A
  • amino acids
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6
Q

what are the two types of water soluble amino acid hormones

A
  • antidiuretic hormone (short chain)
  • insulin ( long chain)
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7
Q

which water soluble hormone are short chain amino acids

A
  • antidiuretic hormone
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8
Q

which water soluble hormone are long chain amino acids

A
  • insulin
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9
Q

which part of the brain controls the endocrine system

A
  • hypothalamus
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10
Q

which gland regulates the activity of the endocrine glands

A
  • pituitary gland
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11
Q

how many hormones does the hypothalamus secrete

A
  • 9 hormones
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12
Q

how many hormones does the pituitary gland secrete

A
  • 7 hormones
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13
Q

what is the stalk like structure that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

A
  • infundibulum
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14
Q

what are the blood vessels in the infundibulum that connects capillaries in the hypothalamus to capillaries in the anterior pituitary

A
  • hypophyseal portal veins
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15
Q

what hormones are secreted from the hypothalamus

A
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
  • Growth hormone-releasing hormone
  • Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone
  • Thyroid-releasing hormone
  • Prolactin-releasing hormone
  • Prolactin-inhibiting hormone
  • Corticotropin-releasing hormone
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16
Q

what is the function of gonadotropin-releasing hormone

A
  • stimulates FSH and LH
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17
Q

what is the function of growth hormone releasing hormone

A
  • stimulates HGH and IGF
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18
Q

what is the function of growth hormone inhibiting hormone

A
  • inhibits HGH and IGF
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19
Q

what is the function of thyroid releasing hormone

A
  • stimulates TSH
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20
Q

what is the function of prolactin releasing hormone

A
  • stimulates PR
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21
Q

what is the function of prolactin inhibiting hormone

A
  • inhibits PR
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22
Q

what is the function of corticotropin releasing hormone

A
  • stimulates ACTH
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23
Q

where are both lobes of the pituitary located

A
  • in the hypophyseal fossa
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24
Q

where is the hypophyseal fossa located

A
  • a cup shaped depression in the sphenoid bone
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25
Q

a hormone that stimulates an endocrine gland to grow and secrete hormones

A
  • tropic hormones
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26
Q

what hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

A
  • human growth hormone (hGH)
  • thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • prolactin (PRL)
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
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27
Q

what hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland

A
  • oxytocin
  • antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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28
Q

which hormone promote synthesis and secretion of Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGFs)

A
  • Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
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29
Q

what cells secrete Insulin-like growth Factors (IGF)

A
  • liver cells (mainly)
  • skeletal muscles
  • cartilage
  • bones
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30
Q

what is the function of Insulin-like growth Factors (IGF)

A
  • stimulate protein synthesis
  • help maintain muscle and bone mass
  • promote healing of injury and tissue repair
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31
Q

what are the two hormones that controls the secretion of hGH

A
  • Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
  • Growth Hormone- Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH)
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32
Q

which growth hormone is released when there is low blood glucose levels

A
  • Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
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33
Q

which growth hormone is released when there is above normal blood glucose levels

A
  • Growth Hormone- Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH)
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34
Q

which hormone stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland

A
  • Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
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35
Q

what hormone controls Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) secretion

A
  • Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
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36
Q

what is the function of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in females

A
  • Initiates the development of ovarian follicles
  • Stimulates follicular cells to excrete estrogen.
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37
Q

what is the function of Follicle-Stimulation Hormone (FSH) in males

A
  • Stimulates sperm production in the testes
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38
Q

what hormone released by the anterior pituitary:
- triggers ovulation
- Stimulates formation of the corpus luteum
- stimulates follicular cells to secrete estrogen

A
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
39
Q

what hormone released by the anterior pituitary:
- Stimulates the testes to secrete Testosterone

A
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
40
Q

what hormone released by the anterior pituitary:
- Initiates and maintains milk production

A
  • Prolactin (PRL)
41
Q

what promotes the secretion of Prolactin- Releasing Hormone (PRH), during pregnancy

A
  • very high levels of estrogens
42
Q

which hormone released from the anterior pituitary controls the production and secretion of hormones called Glucocorticoids

A
  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
43
Q

what hormone causes darkening of the skin

A
  • Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
44
Q

which lobe of the pituitary gland contains axons and axon terminals of neurosecretory cells

A
  • posterior pituitary
45
Q

which two hormones are stored and released by the posterior pituitary

A
  • Oxytocin
  • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
46
Q

what is the function of oxytocin

A
  • contraction of myometrium
  • stimulates milk EJECTION
47
Q

what is the function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A
  • Decreases urine production
  • cause kidneys to retain more water
  • Decreases water loss
  • Increase in blood pressure
48
Q

what is the function of the thyroid gland

A
  • run the basal metabolic rate
49
Q

what is the rate at which the body uses energy while at rest to keep vital functions going

A
  • basal metabolic rate (BMR)
50
Q

what is the shape of the thyroid gland

where is it located

A
  • butterfly shaped
  • located just below the larynx
51
Q

what are the spherical sacs that make up the most of the thyroid gland

A
  • thyroid follicles
52
Q

what are the two thyroid hormones that are produced by the follicular cells

A
  • thyroxine (T4)
  • triiodothyronine (T3)
53
Q

what is the action of thyroid hormones

A
  • increase basal metabolic rate (BMR)
  • maintenance of normal body temperature
  • stimulate protein synthesis
  • increase the use of glucose and fatty acid for ATP production
  • increase the breakdown of triglycerides
  • enhance cholesterol excretion
  • stimulate body growth, particularly the nervous and skeletal systems
54
Q

what type of cells produce calcitonin

A
  • parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland
55
Q

what hormone decreases the level of calcium in the blood by inhibiting the action of osteoclast

A
  • calcitonin
56
Q

what cells release parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A
  • chief cells
57
Q

which hormone is a major regulator of the levels of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions in blood

A
  • parathyroid hormone (PTH)
58
Q

what hormone increases the level of calcium in the blood by increasing the activity of osteoclast

A
  • parathyroid hormone (PTH)
59
Q

what 3 changes does parathyroid hormone (PTH) produce in the kidneys

A
  • slows the rate at which calcium and magnesium are lost from blood into urine
  • increase loss of phosphate from blood to urine
  • promotes formation of calcitrol
60
Q

what is the function of calcitrol

A
  • increase the rate of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate absorption in the gut from food into the blood
61
Q

what is caused by elevated levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A
  • bone pain
  • kidney stones
  • headaches
  • abdominal pain
62
Q

what is caused by low levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A
  • carpopedal spasms
  • abdominal cramps
  • muscle cramps
63
Q

what is the flattened organ that located in the curve of the duodenum

A
  • pancreas
64
Q

which major gland of the endocrine system has both endocrine and exocrine functions

A
  • pancreas
65
Q

where are alpha and beta cells located

A
  • pancreatic islet or islet of langerhans
66
Q

which pancreatic cell is responsible for secreting glucagon

A
  • alpha cells
67
Q

which pancreatic cell is responsible for secreting insulin

A
  • beta cells
68
Q

what division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates the release of alpha cells

A
  • sympathetic
69
Q

what division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates the release of beta cells

A
  • parasympathetic
70
Q

what is the main function of glucagon

A
  • to increase blood glucose level when it falls below normal
71
Q

what is the main function of insulin

A
  • lowers blood glucose levels when it is too high, by helping glucose move into cells (especially muscle fibers)
72
Q

which hormone promotes the uptake of amino acids in body cells, increase protein synthesis, and the synthesis of fatty acid within the cells

A
  • insulin
73
Q

what is an important hormone when tissues are developing, growing, and being repaired

A
  • insulin
74
Q

how many adrenal glands are there

here are the adrenal glands located

A
  • two adrenal glands
  • located on top of each kidney
75
Q

what are the regions of the adrenal gland

A
  • adrenal cortex
  • adrenal medulla
76
Q

which region of the adrenal gland consist of 3 zones

A
  • adrenal cortex
77
Q

what are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex

A
  • zona glomerulosa (outer zone)
  • zona fasciculata (middle zone)
  • zona reticularis (inner zone)
78
Q

what type of hormones does the adrenal cortex secretes

A
  • steroid hormones
79
Q

which zone of the adrenal cortex releases mineral corticoids

A
  • outer zone (zona glomerulosa)
80
Q

what is the major mineral corticoid hormone

A
  • aldosterone
81
Q

which zone of the adrenal cortex releases glucocorticoids

A
  • middle zone (zona fasciculata)
82
Q

what is an example of a glucocorticoid hormone

A
  • cortisol
83
Q

which zone of the adrenal cortex release androgens

A
  • inner zone (zona reticularis)
84
Q

what is the inner most region of the adrenal gland

A
  • adrenal medulla
85
Q

which region of the adrenal gland secretes hormones known as catecholamines

A
  • adrenal medulla
86
Q

what are examples of the catecholamine hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla

A
  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine
87
Q

what is the most abundant glucocorticoid

A
  • cortisol
88
Q

what are the functions of glucocorticoids

A
  • protein breakdown
  • glucose formation
  • breakdown of triglycerides
  • anti inflammatory effects
  • depression of the immune response
89
Q

where are androgens produced before puberty

A
  • adrenal cortex
90
Q

which 2 hormones play a key role in helping the body resist stress

A
  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine
91
Q

what are the female sex hormones

A
  • estrogen
  • progesterone
92
Q

what is the small endocrine gland that attaches to the roof of the 3rd ventricle of the brain at the midline

A
  • pineal gland
93
Q

what hormone is secreted by the pineal gland

A
  • melatonin
94
Q

what hormone contributes to setting the body’s biological clock (circadian rhythm)

A
  • melatonin

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (2 decks)

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