20-1 A&P ENDOCRINE Flashcards
what are the 8 major glands of the endocrine system
- hypothalamus
- pituitary
- parathyroid
- pancreas
- pineal gland
- thyroid
- adrenals
- ovaries and testes
a specific cell with specific receptors that will respond to specific hormones
- target cell
how many receptors does target cells have
- 2,000 to 100,000
what are the 3 lipid soluble hormones
- steroid hormones
- thyroid hormones
- nitric oxide
which type of hormones are water soluble
- amino acids
what are the two types of water soluble amino acid hormones
- antidiuretic hormone (short chain)
- insulin ( long chain)
which water soluble hormone are short chain amino acids
- antidiuretic hormone
which water soluble hormone are long chain amino acids
- insulin
which part of the brain controls the endocrine system
- hypothalamus
which gland regulates the activity of the endocrine glands
- pituitary gland
how many hormones does the hypothalamus secrete
- 9 hormones
how many hormones does the pituitary gland secrete
- 7 hormones
what is the stalk like structure that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
- infundibulum
what are the blood vessels in the infundibulum that connects capillaries in the hypothalamus to capillaries in the anterior pituitary
- hypophyseal portal veins
what hormones are secreted from the hypothalamus
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
- Growth hormone-releasing hormone
- Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone
- Thyroid-releasing hormone
- Prolactin-releasing hormone
- Prolactin-inhibiting hormone
- Corticotropin-releasing hormone
what is the function of gonadotropin-releasing hormone
- stimulates FSH and LH
what is the function of growth hormone releasing hormone
- stimulates HGH and IGF
what is the function of growth hormone inhibiting hormone
- inhibits HGH and IGF
what is the function of thyroid releasing hormone
- stimulates TSH
what is the function of prolactin releasing hormone
- stimulates PR
what is the function of prolactin inhibiting hormone
- inhibits PR
what is the function of corticotropin releasing hormone
- stimulates ACTH
where are both lobes of the pituitary located
- in the hypophyseal fossa
where is the hypophyseal fossa located
- a cup shaped depression in the sphenoid bone
a hormone that stimulates an endocrine gland to grow and secrete hormones
- tropic hormones
what hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
- human growth hormone (hGH)
- thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- luteinizing hormone (LH)
- prolactin (PRL)
- adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
what hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland
- oxytocin
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
which hormone promote synthesis and secretion of Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGFs)
- Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
what cells secrete Insulin-like growth Factors (IGF)
- liver cells (mainly)
- skeletal muscles
- cartilage
- bones
what is the function of Insulin-like growth Factors (IGF)
- stimulate protein synthesis
- help maintain muscle and bone mass
- promote healing of injury and tissue repair
what are the two hormones that controls the secretion of hGH
- Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
- Growth Hormone- Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH)
which growth hormone is released when there is low blood glucose levels
- Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
which growth hormone is released when there is above normal blood glucose levels
- Growth Hormone- Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH)
which hormone stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland
- Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
what hormone controls Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) secretion
- Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
what is the function of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in females
- Initiates the development of ovarian follicles
- Stimulates follicular cells to excrete estrogen.
what is the function of Follicle-Stimulation Hormone (FSH) in males
- Stimulates sperm production in the testes
what hormone released by the anterior pituitary:
- triggers ovulation
- Stimulates formation of the corpus luteum
- stimulates follicular cells to secrete estrogen
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
what hormone released by the anterior pituitary:
- Stimulates the testes to secrete Testosterone
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
what hormone released by the anterior pituitary:
- Initiates and maintains milk production
- Prolactin (PRL)
what promotes the secretion of Prolactin- Releasing Hormone (PRH), during pregnancy
- very high levels of estrogens
which hormone released from the anterior pituitary controls the production and secretion of hormones called Glucocorticoids
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
what hormone causes darkening of the skin
- Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
which lobe of the pituitary gland contains axons and axon terminals of neurosecretory cells
- posterior pituitary
which two hormones are stored and released by the posterior pituitary
- Oxytocin
- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
what is the function of oxytocin
- contraction of myometrium
- stimulates milk EJECTION
what is the function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
- Decreases urine production
- cause kidneys to retain more water
- Decreases water loss
- Increase in blood pressure
what is the function of the thyroid gland
- run the basal metabolic rate
what is the rate at which the body uses energy while at rest to keep vital functions going
- basal metabolic rate (BMR)
what is the shape of the thyroid gland
where is it located
- butterfly shaped
- located just below the larynx
what are the spherical sacs that make up the most of the thyroid gland
- thyroid follicles
what are the two thyroid hormones that are produced by the follicular cells
- thyroxine (T4)
- triiodothyronine (T3)
what is the action of thyroid hormones
- increase basal metabolic rate (BMR)
- maintenance of normal body temperature
- stimulate protein synthesis
- increase the use of glucose and fatty acid for ATP production
- increase the breakdown of triglycerides
- enhance cholesterol excretion
- stimulate body growth, particularly the nervous and skeletal systems
what type of cells produce calcitonin
- parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland
what hormone decreases the level of calcium in the blood by inhibiting the action of osteoclast
- calcitonin
what cells release parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- chief cells
which hormone is a major regulator of the levels of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions in blood
- parathyroid hormone (PTH)
what hormone increases the level of calcium in the blood by increasing the activity of osteoclast
- parathyroid hormone (PTH)
what 3 changes does parathyroid hormone (PTH) produce in the kidneys
- slows the rate at which calcium and magnesium are lost from blood into urine
- increase loss of phosphate from blood to urine
- promotes formation of calcitrol
what is the function of calcitrol
- increase the rate of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate absorption in the gut from food into the blood
what is caused by elevated levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- bone pain
- kidney stones
- headaches
- abdominal pain
what is caused by low levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- carpopedal spasms
- abdominal cramps
- muscle cramps
what is the flattened organ that located in the curve of the duodenum
- pancreas
which major gland of the endocrine system has both endocrine and exocrine functions
- pancreas
where are alpha and beta cells located
- pancreatic islet or islet of langerhans
which pancreatic cell is responsible for secreting glucagon
- alpha cells
which pancreatic cell is responsible for secreting insulin
- beta cells
what division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates the release of alpha cells
- sympathetic
what division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates the release of beta cells
- parasympathetic
what is the main function of glucagon
- to increase blood glucose level when it falls below normal
what is the main function of insulin
- lowers blood glucose levels when it is too high, by helping glucose move into cells (especially muscle fibers)
which hormone promotes the uptake of amino acids in body cells, increase protein synthesis, and the synthesis of fatty acid within the cells
- insulin
what is an important hormone when tissues are developing, growing, and being repaired
- insulin
how many adrenal glands are there
here are the adrenal glands located
- two adrenal glands
- located on top of each kidney
what are the regions of the adrenal gland
- adrenal cortex
- adrenal medulla
which region of the adrenal gland consist of 3 zones
- adrenal cortex
what are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex
- zona glomerulosa (outer zone)
- zona fasciculata (middle zone)
- zona reticularis (inner zone)
what type of hormones does the adrenal cortex secretes
- steroid hormones
which zone of the adrenal cortex releases mineral corticoids
- outer zone (zona glomerulosa)
what is the major mineral corticoid hormone
- aldosterone
which zone of the adrenal cortex releases glucocorticoids
- middle zone (zona fasciculata)
what is an example of a glucocorticoid hormone
- cortisol
which zone of the adrenal cortex release androgens
- inner zone (zona reticularis)
what is the inner most region of the adrenal gland
- adrenal medulla
which region of the adrenal gland secretes hormones known as catecholamines
- adrenal medulla
what are examples of the catecholamine hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine
what is the most abundant glucocorticoid
- cortisol
what are the functions of glucocorticoids
- protein breakdown
- glucose formation
- breakdown of triglycerides
- anti inflammatory effects
- depression of the immune response
where are androgens produced before puberty
- adrenal cortex
which 2 hormones play a key role in helping the body resist stress
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine
what are the female sex hormones
- estrogen
- progesterone
what is the small endocrine gland that attaches to the roof of the 3rd ventricle of the brain at the midline
- pineal gland
what hormone is secreted by the pineal gland
- melatonin
what hormone contributes to setting the body’s biological clock (circadian rhythm)
- melatonin
