Endocrine 2 Flashcards
Pituitary hypofunction:
Endocrine insufficiency of the pituitary causes hypofunction of secondary organs, which depends upon ______ stimuli.
trophic
Pituitary hypofunction is a rare condition that may occur in _____ age group
Any age group
What is panhypopitiutarism?
When pituitary hypofunction involves all of the pituitary cells
Pituitary hypofunction can involve all of the pituitary cells (including all of the acidophils, which normally produce Prolactin and growth hormone; or the basophils, which produce gonadotropins, TSH and ACTH) or it may be _________
selective
When pituitary hypofunction is selective, this means it can be limited to one set of ______ or _____ pituitary cells
anterior or posterior
What is an example of selective pituitary hypofunction limited to one set of anterior pituitary cells?
hypogonadism secondary to deficiency of gonadotropic cells
What is an example of selective pituitary hypofunction limited to one set of posterior pituitary cells?
Diabetes Insipidus
What are the 3 causes of pituitary hypofunction and give an example of each
- Congenital defects (ex: pituitary dwarfism)
- Tumors that destroy the pituitary or hypothalamus (ex: gliomas or Craniopharyngiomas)
- Ischemia (ex- post partum necrosis of the pituitary AKA Sheehans Syndrome)
The diagnosis of pituitary hypofunction may be suspected clinically, but how must it be confirmed?
by appropriate biochemical tests of pituitary function to show the hormone deficiency.
What is the name of the disease?
Panhypopituitarism of adults- is marked by general weakness, cold intolerance, poor appetite, weight loss, and hypotension.
Simmonds disease
In Simmonds disease what specifically occurs in women and in men?
note: Simmonds disease is panhypopituitarism of adults that is marked by general weakness, cold intolerance, poor appetite, weight loss and hypotension
Women- ammenorrhea (do not menstruate)
Men- impotence
Pituitary insufficiency of childhood results in what?
dwarfism
Are neoplasms in the location of the pituitary usually benign or malignant and what type of symptoms do they cause (hypo or hyperfunctioning)?
- Usually are benign
- may induce hypo- or hyperfunctioning symptoms, related to the extension of the tumor into the adjacent intracranial structures.
Tumors of the pituitary:
_____% are active and _____% are hormonally inactive and are usually not recognized unless they cause compression of adjacent structures
75% are active
25% are hormonally inactive
Tumors of the pituitary:
Compression of what adjacent structure causes sxs of hypopituitarism or Diabetes Insipidus
The pituitary stalk
Diseases of the ______ presents as functional disturbances (hyperfunctioning or hypofunctioning) or can present as mass lesions, such as from goiters or neoplasms
Thyroid Gland
What are the top 3 causes of hyperfunctioning of the thyroid gland and which one is most common?
- 85% is due to Graves Disease
- Nodular Goiter
- Thyroid adenoma
What is Graves Disease caused by?
an autoimmune disease caused by antibodies to the TSH receptors on the surface of the thyroid follicular cells
Is Graves Disease more common in Men or Women and by how much?
F > M (10:1)
True or false, Graves Disease is often associated with other autoimmune disorders
True
How does Graves Disease result in hypersecretion of thyroid hormones T3 and T4?
- Circulating IgG antibodies bind to TSH receptors on the surface of the thyroid cells, exerting a stimulus similar to the effects of TSH itself
- The antibodies bound to the TSH receptors stimulate hypersecretion of thyroid hormones T3 and T4
Which disease?
Histologically, the enlarged thyroid is composed of hyperplastic follicles lined by hyperactive, tall cuboidal cells.
The thyroid also contains lymphoid follicles (sign of autoimmune disease)
Graves Disease
What would thyroid labs for Graves Disease look like in regards to TSH, T3 and T4?
Elevated T3/T4
Low TSH
