Endocrine Flashcards by Alyssa H

Describe the pituitary gland

-“master gland”
-found in brain
-pea sized

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Luteinizing hormone (LH) purpose

Stimulates spermatogenesis and androgen production in testes

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Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) purpose

Stimulates spermatogenesis

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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) purpose

Regulates secretion and growth of adrenal glands

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Growth hormone (GH) purpose

Regulates body growth, fat mob and stim glycogenolysis by liver

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Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) purpose

Regulates secretion and production of hormones by thyroid gland

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Posterior pituitary hormones

-oxytocin: breasts and uterus
-anti dietetic hormone (ADH): kidneys

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Anterior pituitary hormones

TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, GH, MSH, prolactin

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Gigantism

Excessive GH before growth plates close

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Acromegaly

Enlargement of extremities (hands, ft, face, jaw)

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ACTH cushings disease cause

Tumor in PG, increase ACTH

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2 symps of ACTH CD

HA, visual changes d/t pressure in optic chiasm

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Describe adrenal glands

-2 areas: outer cortex and inner medulla
-eval fxn by measuring cortisol levels

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Cushing’s syndrome cause

-excess cortisol production
-exogenous: overuse of corticosteroid
-endogenous: benign or malignant adenoma

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3 abnormal X-rays for CS

-osteoporosis
-avascular necrosis, hip
-acetabular protrusion

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Cushing syndrome s/s

HTN
Obesity
Red, round face
Mus wasting
Osteoporosis
Amenorrhea, hirsutism
Erectile dysfxn

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What is Addison’s disease

-autoimmune
-decreased cortisol and aldosterone

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Addison’s disease symps

Fatigue, weak
Weight loss
Tachycardia
Dizziness
N/v
Bronze hyperpigmentation
Decreased tolerance to cold and stress
Postural hypoTN

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Addison’s disease mgt

Life long glucocorticoid, diet, hydration

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What is an adrenal crisis

Med emergency d/t decreased cortisol production

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Causes of adrenal crisis (10)

Infection
Bacteria, virus, fungal
Pregnancy
Surgery
Parasitic
Trauma
Emotional distress
Surgery

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Adrenal crisis symps (6)

Weak
Diarrhea
N/v
Abdominal pain
Confusion
Altered mental status

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Med mgt of adrenal crisis (4)

IV hydrocortisone
Hydration
Balance blood glucose
Balance electrolytes

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Labs for adrenal crisis (5)

Hyponatremia
Hyperkalemia
Hypoglycemia
Decreased ACTH levels
Hypercalcemia

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What regulates the thyroid gland

TSH from pituitary gland

What does the thyroid gland secrete? Requires what to work?

-T3 and T4 -requires iodine

What is a goiter

enlarged thyroid gland d/t iodine deficiency

Clinical present of goiter

Increased neck size Pressure surrounding tissue Difficulty breathing and swallowing

What is Thyroiditis

Inflam of thyroid tissue d/t infection or autoimmune process

What does Thyroiditis lead to over time

Hyperthyroidism

What is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis? Cause?

Autoimmune Chronic thyroiditis Common cause: hypothyroiditis

Risk factors for Hashimoto’s (3)

Genetic W > M Excessive iodine

Symptoms of Hashimoto’s (5)

Fatigue Mild weight gain Weak and brittle nails Constipation Fertility probs

Complications of Hashimoto’s

Heart probs Increased cholesterol Anemia Goiter Birth defects

Hashimoto’s is a common cause of what

Hypothyroidism

What is hyperthyroidism

Too much T4 excreted

What is Grave’s disease

Autoimmune -can have hyperthyroidism and not Grave’s

Clinical present of hyperthyroidism (older; 5)

Tremors Anxiety Palpitations Weight loss Heat intolerance

Clinical present hyperthyroidism (young; 5)

Cold intolerance Weight gain Dry skin Constipation Mental and physical slowness

PT considerations for hyperthyroidism

Heat intolerance Decreased exercise capacity CVS monitoring (vitals) Low bone mineral density

When to monitor and refer out for hyperthyroidism

Unusual swelling, enlargement, tenderness, hoarseness, dysphagia New onset of fever, rash, arthralgia

What is thyroid storm? When can it occur?

- Med emergency - undx, undx, incorrectly tx - well controlled post surgery, trauma, major illness

S/s of thyroid storm (10)

Hyper metabolism Tachycardia HF, shock Hyperthermia Restless Agitated Chest pain Abdominal pain N/v

What is the primary hormone in parathyroid glands

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Functions of parathyroid hormone

- increased blood Ca+ by moving Ca+ from bones OR - increased Ca+ resorption from kidneys or sm intestine

What is hypoparathyroidism

-1 or more under active gland -decreased PTH —> decreased Ca+ levels in blood

Clinical presentation of hypoparathyroidism (9)

Osteomalacia (soft bones) Painful mus spasm Paresthesias Tetany (involuntary mus contraction d/t decreased Ca+) Arrhythmias Mus weak and pain Brittle nails Altered mental status QRS and ST set changes on EKG

What is acute hypopara? Tx?

- life threatening emergency - IV Ca+, anticonvulsant, prevent airway obstruction

Mgt for hypoparathyroidism

PTH replacement, vit D, Ca+

What does long term hyperparathyroidism cause

-affect bone density -diffuse bone pain -osteopenia and/or osteoporosis

Common c/o for hyperparathyroidism (5)

Prox mus weak Mus atrophy Myalgia Arthritis Sensation of heaviness in LEs

Clinical presentation of hyperparathyroidism (11ish)

Increased DTR Fatigue, HTN, palpitations Polyuria Polydipsia GI probs Kidney stones Memory loss sleep probs Loss of appetite Dehydration Increased thirst

Primary and secondary results of hypothyroidism

-Thyroid gland tissue breaks down -pituitary gland dysfxn

Clinical presentation of hypothyroidism

Slow DTR Cold intolerance Excess fatigue Drowsy Thin/brittle nails and hair HA Weight gain Dry Irregular menstrual cycle Dry skin Nodules on TG

PT considerations for hypothyroidism (7)

-prox mus weakness -stiff -mus ache and pain -decreased reflexes -mus or jt edema -back pain -can affect multiple systems

What is myxedema

Change in dermal layer —> CT separation -thick tongue, hoarseness, slur speech

Risk factors for thyroid cancer

W over 40 yo Caucasian Fam hx Iodine deficient

Signs of thyroid cancer

Palp mass w/in thyroid tissue or lymph nodes

3 new onset red flags for thyroid cancer

Hemoptysis Hoarseness HTN

What is myxedema coma

Alternated mental state; rarely coma

Causes of myxedema coma

Infection, trauma, burns, stroke

Cardinal presentation (8)

Delayed DTR Distended bladder Increased diastolic BP (early onset) Hypotensive (late onset) Hypothermia Coarse hair Facial swell Non-pit B LE edema

What are 3 common presentations of endocrine disorders?

B carpal tunnel Proximal muscle weakness Sh(s) arthritis

What are 2 major signs that need immediate med attention

Decreased K and thyroid storm

Signs of decreased K+

Mus weak and cramp Fatigue, abdominal distention Arrhythmias N/v

Endocrine associated NM and MSK s/s (12)

Mus weak Myalgia Cramps Fatigue B carpal tunnel syndrome Nocturnal parasthesia Arthritis, calcification tendinitis Chondrocalcinosis Spondyloarthropathy and OA Hand stiff and pain