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Third Module 251 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

anterior lobe

A

ACTH
FSH
GH
LH
MSH
PRL
TSH

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2
Q

posterior lobe

A

Produced by the hypothalamus, stored in posterior lobe, and secreted in blood when needed/

  • ADH/vasopressin
  • Oxitocin
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3
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Glucorticoids: cortisol
- STRESS

Mineralocorticoids: Aldosterone
- regulation of F+E balance by promoting sodium retention and potassium excretion.

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4
Q

Adrenal gland

A
  • regulates sodium and electrolyte balance
  • affects carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism
  • influences development of sexual characteristics
  • sustains fight/flight response
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5
Q

Adrenal cortex

A
  • Outer shell of adrenal gland
  • makes glucocorticoids + mineralcorticoids. Secretes small amounts of sex hormones (androgens and estrogens)
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6
Q

Adrenal medulla

A
  • Inner core of the adrenal gland
  • works as part of the sympathatic nervous system
  • produces epinephrine + norepinephrine
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7
Q

Thyroid gland

A
  • located in anterior part of the neck
  • controls the rate of the body metabolism + growth.
  • produces T3 and T4 and thyrocalcitonin
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8
Q

parathyroid glands

A
  • located on thyroid gland
  • controls calcium + phosphorus matabolism
  • produces parathyroid hormone
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9
Q

ovaries and testes

A

Ovaries:
- Located in pelvic cavity. Produces estrogen and progesterone

Testes:
- Located in the scrotum
- produces testosterone

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10
Q

Negative Feedback Loop

A
  • Regulates hormone secretion by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
  • increased amount target gland hormones in the blood stream DECREASE secretion of the same hormone and other hormones that stimulate its release
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11
Q

Hypopituitarism

A

Hyposecretion of one or more pituitary hormones caused by tumors, trauma, encephalitis, autoimmunity, or stroke.

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12
Q

Hypopituitarism affecting which hormones

A

Growth hormone (GH)
Gonadotropic hormones (LH, FSH)

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13
Q

hyperpituitarism (acromegaly)

A

Hypersecretion of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary gland caused by pituitary tumors

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14
Q

Hyperpituitarism( acromegaly) assessment

A
  • Large hands and feet
  • thicking + protusion of jaw
  • Arthritic Changes + joint pain
  • Visual disturbances
  • Diaphoresis
  • Oily rough skin
  • HTN Cardio megaly, HF
  • Deepening of voice
    ** andre the giant
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15
Q

Hypophysectomy

A

Removal of pituitary tumor via sublabial transsphenoidal (endoscopic transsnasal)

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16
Q

Complications of hypophysectomy

A
  • CSF leak
  • infection
  • diabetes inspidus
  • hypopituitarism
17
Q

Post operative interventions

A
  • monitor VS, neurostatus, and LOC
  • Elevate HOB
  • monitor for ICP
  • instruct pt to avoid sneesing, coughing, and blowing the nose
    monitor for bleeding
18
Q

hyperthyroid causes high T3 + T4

A
  1. ***autoimmune disorder = graves disease
  2. iodine excess
  3. Levothyroxine excess = leaves too much thyroid in the body
19
Q

hypothyroid causes = low T3 and T4

A
  1. autoimmune disease = hashimotos = low and slow thyroid
  2. low iodine in the diet
  3. pituitary tumor
  4. thyroidectomy - cannot produce any thyroid hormones
20
Q

S/S of hyperthyroidism

A

Hypermetabolic state
-HTN
-tachycardia
-heat intolerance
-bulging eyes (exopthalamos)
-weight loss w/out trying
-insomnia
-diarrhea
-warm, dry, sweaty skin

21
Q

Lab values - hyperthyroidism

A

T3 + T4 increased
TSH decreased - pituitary gland is trying to rein it in

22
Q

Hyperthyroidism Treatment

A
  • thyroidectomy = for primary hypertyroism

Medicaitons:
- PTU
- Iodine solutions
- beta blockers: to bring down VS

23
Q

Hyperthyroidism nursing care

A
  • increase pt’s calorie + protein intake (wgt loss + hypermetabolic state)
  • monitor I+O’s, weight, and VS
  • exopthalamos: tape their eyelids closed for sleep + provide eye lubricant to protect thoes eyes.
24
Q

Thyroid storm

A

exessively high levels of thyroid hormones.
- can be from infection, stress, DKA, or thyriodectomy

25
Q

Thyroid Storm S/S

A
  • Severe HTN
  • CP
  • Dysrhythmias
  • Dyspnea
  • Delrium
  • Fever
  • N/V
26
Q

Thyroid storm treatment

A
  • Beta blockers = get VS in control
  • antithyroid medications?
  • antipyretics = treat fever
27
Q

Thyroid Storm Nursing Care

A
  • maintain patent airway
  • monitor for dysrhythmias
28
Q

Thyroidectomy nursing care

A
  • place pt in semi fowlers position
  • support their heda/neck (pillows)
    -do not hyperextend their neck
  • monitor for bleeding: check behind their neck for bleeding
  • monitor for S/S of parathyroid damage
29
Q

S/S parathyroid damage

A

HYPOCALCEMIA
- numbness + twitching around mouth
- positive chvostek sign (cheek tap)
-positive Trousseau’s sign (BP cuff on arm, spams in hands + fingies)
- blood test <9.5

30
Q

Thyroidectomy - Pt teaching

A
  • avoid extreme neck extension
  • keep head in midline position
  • pt will need to take thyroid replacement therapy for the rest of their lives (levothyroxine)
  • ## meds are taken on an empty stomach
31
Q

addison’s disease

A

A disorder that occurs when the adrenal gland is unable to produce enough (glucocorticoid) cortisol and sometimes (mineralcorticoid) aldosterone

32
Q

ADH and Cortisol

A

ADH = regulates BP through RAAS.
- retains sodium but excretes potassium.

Cortisol = “stress hormone”
- helps deal w/ stress: illness, external stress
- INCREASES blood glucose (by metabolism of sugar
- breaks down fats, proteins and cards
- regulates electrolytes

33
Q

Cushing’s Disease

A

increased secretion of cortisol
no aldosterone involved at all
(CUSHINGS = CUSHION)
- an inside source producing too much cortisol
(pituitary gland producing too much ACTH)

34
Q

cushings syndrome

A

an outside cause due to medical treatment = corticoid therapy
glucocorticoid therapy - prednisone

35
Q

Addison’s Disease - Causes

A

Autoimmune causing the body to attack the cortex due to:
- Cancer
- TB
- Trauma

36
Q

S/S Addison’s Disease

A
  • Fatigue + lethargy
  • hyperpgimentation of skin
  • decreased concentration + depression
  • hypotension
  • hypoglycemia
  • hyponatremia
  • hyperkalemia
  • salt cravings - sodium levels so low
  • weight loss
  • muscle weakness
  • diarrhea + nausea
37
Q

S/S Cushing Syndrome/disease

A
  • Buffalo Hump
  • Hirsutism
  • muscle wasting + osteoporosis
  • truncal obesity
  • moon face
  • sensitive, thin skin
  • hypervolemia
  • hypertension
  • hyperglycemia
  • hypernatremia
  • purple striae
  • hypokalemia
38
Q

Addison’s interventions

A
  • monitor for hypoglycemia + hyperkalemia
  • give them cortisol: prednisone/hydrocortisone
  • report stress such as illness, surgery, or extra emotional sstress in life: increase dosage
    take medication as prescribed. Do not end abruptly
39
Q

Cushing disease intervention

A
  • prepare the pt for a hyphophysectomy to remove pituitary tumor
  • for adrenalectomy - educate about medication replacement therapy after the procedure
  • watch for increased CBg
  • watch labs for low levels of K+
  • infections, skin breakdown
  • emotional support

Third Module 251 (3 decks)

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