Endocrine Flashcards
Conn Disease
Primary aldosterone elevation
Monckeberg Medial Sclerosis
- is degenerative calcification of the media of large-to-medium-size muscular arteries
- usually in the extremities of older persons, or in advanced chronic kidney disease
- osseous metaplasia may be seen, but usually no clinical impairment
Fibromuscular dysplasia
• is a rare, noninflammatory thickening of large-to-medium-size arteries (NO INFLAMM OR NECROSIS)
- -women of reproductive age mostly
- -can lead to renal artery stenosis
Fusiform anurysm
along axis of vessel. usually abdominal are fusiform.
Types of DVT
- deep venous thrombosis refers to both phlebothrombosis and thrombophlebitis
- thrombophlebitis - inflammation and secondary thrombosis of smaller veins, often as a reaction to bacterial infection
- phlebothrombosis - venous thrombosis not caused by infection or inflammation
- usually associated with prolonged best rest or reduced cardiac output
- anticoagulant (ex. protein C, antithrombin) deficiencies also increase risk
- major problem is pulmonary embolism
Hemangiomas
common, benign vascular channel tumors. Look like birthmarks (capillary hemangiomas are birthmarks). Cherry red spots.
Juvenile / Strawberry Hemangioma
- congenital lesions that grow rapidly in newborns and then regress by 3-5 years
- have packed masses of capillaries that are usually filled with blood and separated by connective tissue stroma
Hemangioendothelioma
is a vascular tumor of endothelial cells
• intermediate between benign hemangiomas and malignant angiosarcomas
Angiosarcoma
a rare, highly malignant tumor of endothelial cells
• small, painless, demarcated red nodules —> larger, fleshy, unencapsulated, pale gray masses —> central necrosis, softening, and hemorrhage
–stains for CD31
Cystic lymphangioma
benign, soft, large, spongy, pink lesion in the neck and axilla
Marantic endocarditis
Non-bacterial endocarditis
• associated with cancer, DIC, or nonneoplastic wasting diseases
Rheumatic heart disease
Group A strep (pyrogenes)
Mitral valve tropism – fusing of leaflets (commissural fusing)
Carcinoid syndrome
uniquely affects right-sided valves
• arises in patients with carcinoid tumors, usually of the small intestine, that have metastasized to the liver
• hypothesized cause: too much serotonin and other vasoactive amine and peptides, which travel through the R. heart before they can be metabolized in the lung
• non-inflammatory plaques of dense, fibrous gray tissue —> leaflet deformation and shrinkage —> tricuspid regurgitation or stenosis, pulmonary stenosis
Myxoma
is the most common primary cardiac tumor
• glistening, gelatinous, polypoid masses mostly in the L. atrium
• causes mitral valve dysfunction, embolization to the brain
AV Canal
ASD and VSD often in Down’s syndrome
Patent ductus arteriosus
Rubella and premature infants
If want to close it give PDE inhibitors –> idomethecin
Hypoplastic left heart
- very small L. ventricle and ascending aorta
- like a type of aortic stenosis
- blood flows from pulmonary artery/right ventricle to the systemic circulation via a PDA
- blood from pulmonary veins flows through ASD to right atrium
Tricuspid atresia
congenital absence of the tricuspid valve —> obligate R-to-L shunt through the patent foramen ovale
• often with a VSD, which allows blood access back into the pulmonary arteries
• small right ventricle and cyanosis seen
Ebstein malformation
downward displacement of an abnormal tricuspid valve into an underdeveloped right ventricle
• upper/inflow/proximal region of the R. ventricle is “atrialized,” only the distal part is functional
• leads to HF, R. atrial dilation, arrhythmias, palpitations, tachycardia, sudden death
High output HF
Hyperthyrodisum, Low Thiamine/B12 (Beriberi)
Constrictive Pericarditis
- chronic, fibrosing disease that fuses the visceral and parietal layers, obliterating the pericardial space and restricting flow into the heart
- due to excessive healing after an injury, esp. radiation, cardiac surgery, or TB
- high venous pressure, low CO, small pulse pressure, ascites and peripheral edema
- treat with total pericardiectomy
Chronic vascular rejection of heart transplant
a.k.a accelerated coronary artery dx
affects epicardial coronary arteries and branches more than 1 year after transplantation
• concentric intimal proliferation and lumen narrowing —> occlusion, MI
–most common is acute cellular rejection
Bronchiogenic Cyst
discrete, extrapulmonary, fluid-filled mass lined by respiratory epithelium, mucle, and cartilage; often found in the middle medisatinum
• can compress the airway, get infected, hemorrhage, perforate, or be asymptomatic
Viral pneumonia causes what type of disease pattern
DAD –> @ first interstitial inflamm and hyline membrane (necrotic debris and infiltrate) then fibrosis and scaring after a week or so.
