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Physiology Finals > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

-Lies in the sella turcica
-Connected to the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk

A

Pituitary gland (hypophysis)

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2
Q

Two distinct portions of the pituitary gland

A

Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

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3
Q

Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland

A

Growth Hormone
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Thyroid StimulatingHormone
Prolactin
Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone

(GUYS, AYUT, TAYO, PARA , FUN, LAGI)

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4
Q

Promotes growth of the entire body by affecting protein formation, cell replication and cell differentiation

A

Growth hormone

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5
Q

Controls the secretion of some of the adrenocortical hormones, which
affects metabolism of glucose, proteins and fats

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin)

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6
Q

Controls the secretion rate of thyroxine and triiodothyronine which control the rates of most intracellular chemical reactions in the body

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin)

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7
Q

Promotes mammary gland development and milk production

A

Prolactin

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8
Q

Control growth of ovaries and testes as well as their hormonal and reproductive activities

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

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9
Q

Hormones of the posterior pituitary gland

A

Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

Oxytocin

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10
Q

-Secrete posterior pituitary hormones
-Located in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

A

Magnocellular neurons

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11
Q

Secretion of from the posterior pituitary is controlled by _____________

A

Nerve signals that originate in the hypothalamus and terminate in the posterior
pituitary

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12
Q

Functional link between hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland

A

Median eminence

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13
Q

Increases rate of protein synthesis in most cells of the body

A

Growth Hormone

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14
Q

Increases mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue

A

Growth Hormone

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15
Q

Decreased rate of glucose utilization throughout the bod

A

Growth Hormone

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16
Q

• Promotes protein deposition in tissues
• Enhance amino acid transport through the cell membrane
• Enhance RNA translation to cause Protein synthesis by the ribosomes
• Increase nuclear transcription of DNA to form RNA
• Decrease catabolism of protein and amino acids

A

Growth Hormone

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17
Q

Factors known to stimulate GH secretion

A

○ Starvation, severe protein deficiency
○ Hypoglycemia, low concentration of fatty acids in the blood
○ Exercise
○ Excitement
○ Trauma
○ Ghrelin, hormone secreted by the stomach before meals
○ Amino acids, including arginine

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18
Q

Formed in the supraoptic nuclei

A

Vasopressin (ADH)

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19
Q

Formed in the paraventricular nuclei

A

Oxytocin

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20
Q

In absence of ADH

A

○ Collecting tubules and ducts become impermeable to water
○ Prevents significant reabsorption of water
○ Allows extreme loss of water into the urine

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21
Q

93% of hormones secreted by the thyroid gland

A

Thyroxine

22
Q

7% of hormones secreted by the thyroid gland

A

Triiodothyronine

23
Q

Glycoprotein that is a major constituent of colloid

A

Thyroglobulin

24
Q

Required for Thyroxine Formation

A

Iodine

25
Q

○ Transport of iodides from the blood
○ Achieved with a sodium-iodide symporter
○ Co-transports one iodide ion with two sodium ions across the plasma membrane
○ Energy for transportation comes from sodium potassium ATPase pump

A

Iodide trapping

26
Q

Transports iodide out of the thyroid cells across the apical membrane into the follicle

A

Pendrin

27
Q

Two molecules of diiodotyrosine

A

Thyroxine (T4)

28
Q

Monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)

29
Q

Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine

A

Combine mainly with:
• Thyroxine-binding globulin
• Much less with thyroxine-binding prealbumin • Albumin

30
Q

True or False:

Actions of triiodothyronine occurs more rapidly than thyroxine

A

True

31
Q

This hormone activate nuclear transcription of many genes

A

Thyroid hormones

32
Q

Effects of thyroid hormone on Carbs metabolism

A

○ Enhanced glycolysis
○ Enhanced gluconeogenisis
○ Increased rate of absorption from the GIT
○ Increased insulin secretion

33
Q

Effects of Thyroid Hormones in Fat Metabolism

A

○ Lipids are metabolized from the fat tissue
○ Decrease fat stores of the body
○ Mobilization of lipids from fat tissue
○ Increases free fatty acid concentration in the plasma

34
Q

Increased thyroid hormone decreases the following

A

• Cholesterol
• Phospholipids
• Triglyceride

35
Q

• Related to the sympathetic nervous system
• Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Adrenal medulla

36
Q

• Secretes corticosteroids
• Synthesized from the steroid cholesterol

A

Adrenal cortex

37
Q

• Affect electrolytes of the ECF, especially sodium and potassium
• Principal mineralocorticoid is aldosterone

A

Mineralocorticoids

38
Q

• Increase blood glucose concentration
• Effects on protein and fat metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism
• Principal glucocorticoid is cortisol

A

Glucocorticoids

39
Q

○ Lies just underneath the capsule
○ 15% of the adrenal cortex

A

Zona glomerulosa

40
Q

○ 75% of the adrenal cortex
○ Secretes cortisol and corticosterone

A

Zona fasciculata

41
Q

Secretes adrenal androgens dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione

A

Zona reticularis

42
Q

Adrenocortical Hormones are Steroids Derived From

A

Cholesterol

43
Q

Mineralocorticoid Deficiency Causes

A

○ Increase potassium concentration in ECF
○ Sodium and chloride is lost from the body
○ Diminished cardiac output

44
Q

Increases Renal Tubular Reabsorption of Sodium and Secretion of Potassium

A

Aldosterone

45
Q

Aldosterone Deficiency Causes

A

Hyponatremia

46
Q

Excess Aldosterone Causes

A

Hypokalemia and Muscle Weakness

47
Q

Aldosterone Deficiency Causes

A

Hyperkalemia and Cardiac Toxicity

48
Q

EFFECTS OF CORTISOL ON CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

A

• Stimulation of Gluconeogenisis by the liver
• Decreased Glucose Utilization by Cells
• Elevated Blood Glucose Concentration

49
Q

EFFECTS OF CORTISON ON PROTEIN METABOLISM

A

• Reduction in Cellular Protein
• Cortisol Increases Liver and Plasma Proteins
• Increased Blood Amino Acids, Diminished Transport of Amino Acids Into Extrahepatic Cells and Enhanced Transport Into Hepatic Cells

50
Q

EFFECTS OF CORTISOL ON FAT METABOLISM

A

• Excess Cortisol Causes Obesity
• Mobilization of Fatty Acids

Physiology Finals (3 decks)

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