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MCAT Biology > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

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1
Q

three types of hormones

A

peptide, steroid, and amino acid derivatives

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2
Q

peptide hormones

A
  • made of amino acids
  • come from precursor polypeptides that are cleaved during posttranslational modification
  • these smaller units transported to the golgi apparatus for further modification that activate the hormones and direct them to correct location in cell
  • hormones released by exocytosis after being packaged into vesicles
  • water soluble, do not require carriers
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3
Q

Why can’t peptide hormones pass through plasma membrane and what do they use to get through?

A
  • charged
  • initiate signaling cascade via extracellular receptor
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4
Q

at each step of the signaling cascade initiated by the peptide hormones, there is a possibility of…

A

amplification

  • common 2° messengers: cAMP, inositol, triphosphate, and Ca2+
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5
Q

explain the process of peptide hormones binding and signaling through GPCR

A
  • peptide binds and activates or inhibits adenylate cyclase, altering cAMP levels
  • cAMP binds to intracellular targets which phosphorylates transcription factors like cAMP-REB to exert hormones effects
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6
Q

steroid hormones are derived from…

A

cholesterol

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7
Q

steroid hormone polarity

A
  • minimally polar and can pass through plasma membrane
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8
Q

steroid hormone binding and signaling

A
  • bind to and promote cytosolic or intranuclear receptors, hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA altering a gene’s transcription
  • slow effects
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9
Q

steroid hormones travel via

A
  • carriers
  • lipid soluble
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10
Q

aa derivative hormone examples

A
  • epi, norepinephrine, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine
  • share features w peptide hormones and some w steroid hormones
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11
Q

Two types of hormones based on target tissues…

A

direct
tropic

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12
Q

direct hormone

A

major effects on non-endocrine tissues

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13
Q

tropic hormones

A

major effects on endocrine tissues

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14
Q

hypothalamus role

A
  • regulates pituitary gland through tropic hormones
  • located in forebrain below thalamus and above the pituitary gland (paracrine signaling)
  • can also respond to inc in blood osmolarity, regulate appetite and satiety as well
  • negative feedback
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15
Q

how does hypothalamus send signals

A

hypophyseal portal system (directly connects hypothalamus to ant pituitary)

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16
Q

hypothalamus releases GnRH~>

A

ant p releases FSH and LH

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17
Q

hypothalamus releases GHRH ~>

A

ant p releases GH

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18
Q

hypothalamus releases TRH ~>

A

ant p releases TSH

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19
Q

hypothalamus releases CRF ~>

A

ant p releases ACTH

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20
Q

hypothalamus releases PIF (dopamine) ~>

A

ant p prolactin release dec

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21
Q

HPA axis

A

know this

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22
Q

how does hypothalamus signal to the posterior pituitary

A

neurons in hypothalamus send axons down the pituitary stalk directly into post pituitary which can then release oxytocin and ADH (vasopressin)

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23
Q

tropic hormones of ant pituitary

A

F SH
L H
A CTH
T SH

24
Q

direct hormones of the ant pituitary

A

P rolactin
E ndorohins
G H

25
Q

prolactin

A
  • stimulates milk production in mammary glands after oxytocin contracts smooth muscle of the breast
26
Q

endorphins

A

dec pain perception

27
Q

GH

A
  • growth of bone and muscle
  • prevents glucose uptake in some tissues and stimulates FA breakdown
  • acromegaly
28
Q

posterior pituitary

A
  • contains the nerve terminals of neurons with cell bodies in the hypothalamus
  • the posterior pituitary receives and stores 2 hormones produced by the hypothalamus: ADH and oxytocin
29
Q

ADH

A
  • post pituitary
  • response to low blood volume or inc blood osmolarity
  • action at the level of the collecting duct by inc permeability/resorption from the filtrate in the nephron
30
Q

oxytocin

A
  • post pituitary
  • contraction of smooth muscle during child birth
  • positive feedback
31
Q

T3 and T4 produced by…

A
  • iodination of the amino acid tyrosine in the follicular cells of thyroid
32
Q

T3 and T4 roles

A
  • inc basal metabolic rate
  • inc cellular respiration
  • inc protein and FA turnover
33
Q

Thyroid hormone feedback mechanism

A

know this

34
Q

hypothyroidism in children can cause…

A

disability and developmental delay (cretinism)

lowered activity level and weight gain

35
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

heightened activity level and weight loss

36
Q

calcitonin is produced by…

A

C-cells of the thyroid

37
Q

Calcitonin operates by…

A

dec plasma Ca2++ by

1) inc calcium excretion from kidneys
2) dec ca absorption from the gut
3) inc storage of ca in the bone

38
Q

parathyroid glands release…

A

PTH

39
Q

what does PTH do

A
  • dec Ca++ by the kidneys and inc bone resorption directly to inc blood Ca++ concentration
  • activates Vit D, necessary for Ca++
40
Q

adrenal cortex hormone classes

A

sugar, salt, sex

glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids
sex hormones

41
Q

glucocorticoids

A
  • cortisol & cortisone ~> inc blood glucose, reduce protein synthesis, inhibit immune system, and participate in stress response
  • release stimulated by ACTH
42
Q

RAA system

A

know this

43
Q

mineralocorticoids

A
  • promote sodium resorption in DCT and CD to inc water reabsorption
  • inc potassium and hydrogen ion excretion
  • RAA system regulates it
44
Q

cortical sex hormones

A
  • androgens
45
Q

adrenal medulla secretes…

A
  • catecholamines into bloodstream
46
Q

catecholamimes

A
  • epi and norepi (sympathetic)
  • dopamine
  • inc basal metabolic rate, inc HR, dilate bronchi, promote glycogenolysis, alter blood flow
47
Q

pancreas releases hormones that…

A
  • regulate glucose homeostasis
  • alpha, beta, and gamma cells
48
Q

glucagon

A
  • alpha cells of pancreas
  • raises blood glucose levels by stimulating fat degradation, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis
49
Q

insulin

A
  • beta cells of pancreas
  • lowers blood glucose by stimulating glucose uptake by cells, promoting anabolic processes like glycogen, fat, and protein synthesis
50
Q

somatostatin

A
  • gamma cells of pancreas
  • inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion
51
Q

gonad hormones

A
  • testes secrete test
  • ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone
52
Q

pineal gland

A
  • releases melatonin which regulates the circadian rhythm
53
Q

cells in the stomach and the intestine produce…

A

secretin, gastrin, and cholecystokinin

54
Q

kidneys secrete…

A

erythropoietin

55
Q

atria secretes…

A

ANP
- promotes salt excretion and water in the kidneys in response to stretching of the atria

56
Q

thymus secretes…

A
  • thymosin
  • T-cell development and differentiation

MCAT Biology (13 decks)

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