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MCAT Biology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

extracellular digestion

A

obtaining nutrients from food within the lumen of the alimentary canal

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2
Q

enteric NS

A
  • 100 million neurons that are present in the walls of the GI system
  • trigger peristalsis
  • heavily regulated by the autonomic NS
  • high parasympathetic activity to encourage peristalsis and exocrine secretion, hence lethargy after meals
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3
Q

basic path of food

A

oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
rectum

enzymes and lubricaron provided by salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

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4
Q

how many salivary glands in mouth?

A

3

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5
Q

which branch of NS triggers salivation?

A

parasympathetic

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6
Q

enzymes of the mouth

A

salivary amylase and lipase

  • hydrolyzing starch into smaller sugars (maltose and dextrins)
  • catalyzes hydrolysis of lipids
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7
Q

3 parts of pharynx

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

food prevented from entering the larynx during swallowing by the epiglottis

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8
Q

comp of sections of the esophagus

A

top~> skeletal, somatic
mid~> mix
bottom~> smooth, autonomic

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9
Q

which two sphincters must the bolus pass through in the esophagus?

A

upper and lower esophageal sphincters

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10
Q

passage of bolus through stomach

A

esophagus
fundus
body
antrum
pylorus
pyloric sphincter
duodenum

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11
Q

gastric glands respond to signals from…

A

vagus nerve

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12
Q

gastric glands cell types

A
  • mucous: bicarb rich mucus to protect walls from stomach acid
  • chief cells: pepsinogen, proteolytic enzyme
  • parietal cells: HCl, intrinsic factor which is glycoprotein involved in proper absorption of B12
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13
Q

pyloric glands of stomach

A

G-cells: gastrin, which signal to parietal cells to produce more HCl and induces more stomach contractions

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14
Q

food leaves stomach through…

A

pyloric sphincter and enters the duodenum

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15
Q

entrance of chyme into duodenum causes the release of…

A

brush-border enzymes

disaccharidases (maltase, isomaltase, lactase, and sucrase) and peptidases (including dipeptidase)

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16
Q

enzymes of duodenum

A
  • disaccharidases
  • peptidases
  • enteropeptidases ~> activation of other digestive enzymes from the accessory organs of digestion, trypsinogen to trypsin
  • secretin ~> reduce HCl secretion from parietal, inc bicarb secretion, slow motility
  • CCK ~> stimulates release of both bile and pancreatic juices (neutralize acidic chyme and emulsify fats into micelles)
17
Q

acinar cells

A

exocrine cells that produce pancreatic juices

18
Q

pancreatic juices

A
  • bicarb rich, alkaline
  • digestive enzymes
  • pancreatic amylase ~> polysaccharide into disaccharide
  • trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, & carboxypeptidases A and B ~> protein digestion after being activated out of zymogen form
  • lipase
19
Q

how are pancreatic juices transferred to the duodenum?

A
  • via duct system
  • empty into the duodenum via major and minor duodenal papillae
20
Q

bile ducts

A

liver structure that connects the liver with the gallbladder and small intestine

can be stored in gallbladder or secreted into duodenum

21
Q

liver receives all blood draining from the abdominal portion of the digestive tract through…

A
  • hepatic portal vein
  • processed by liver before draining into IVC on its way to the right side of the heart
22
Q

liver and glucose processing

A
  • glycogen storage
  • glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis
23
Q

liver and fat processing

A
  • triacylglycerol formation
  • lipoproteins (fat mobilization)
24
Q

liver and detox

A
  • exogenous and endogenous compounds
  • ammonia into urea
  • metabolizes alcohol and meds
25
Q

bile…

A
  • produced by liver
  • bile salts, pigments, cholesterol
  • amphipathic, emulsify fat
  • bilirubin
26
Q

bilirubin

A
  • byproduct of hemoglobin breakdown
  • travel to liver for conjugation (attach to protein) and secreted into bile
  • excess bile and subsequent jaundice is a sign of liver damage
27
Q

liver and protein production

A
  • albumin: maintains plasma oncotic pressure and serves as drug and hormone carrier
  • clotting factors
28
Q

gallbladder and bile

A

stores and concentrates it

CCK release cause contraction and gallbladder pushes bile into biliary tree, the duct system merges w pancreatic duct before emptying into duodenum

29
Q

pancreatitis

A

cholesterol and bilirubin stone formation

stones get stuck in biliary tree

get caught before entering duodenum

30
Q

jejunum and ileum are lined w…

A

villi ~> capillary bed in the middle for absorption of water soluble nutrients; lacteal, takes up fats for transport into lymphatic system

microvilli

31
Q

small intestine simple sugar absorption

A
  • 2° AT and diffusion into epithelial cells
  • move across the membrane into intestinal capillaries
  • blood constantly passing carrying carb and aa away
  • concentration gradient, blood less concentrated
  • all of these molecules then enter the liver via hepatic portal circulation
32
Q

fats and the small intestine

A
  • short chain FA diffuse into capillaries bc they are nonpolar
  • large fats, glycerol, and cholesterol move into cell and become triglycerides and esterified cholesterol ~> packaged into chylomicrons ~> enter lymphatic circulation via lacteals ~> enter venous circulation at the thoracic duct in base of neck which empties into left subclavian vein
33
Q

fat soluble vitamin absorption

A
  • ADEK into chylomicrons
  • straight into lymphatic circulation
34
Q

water soluble vitamin absorption

A
  • BC
  • taken up across endothelial cells of small intestine and straight into plasma
35
Q

small intestine water absorption

A

transcellularly and paracellularly

36
Q

cecum

A
  • large intestine
  • accepts fluid exiting the small intestine via ileocecal valve and is site of attachment of the appendix
37
Q

colon

A
  • large intestine
  • ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid
  • absorb water and salts
  • forms feces
38
Q

external vs internal anal sphincter

A

somatic vs autonomous

MCAT Biology (13 decks)

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