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2. adv principles 3 exam 2 > ENDOCRINE > Flashcards

ENDOCRINE Flashcards

0
Q

what are parts of the hormonal controls of homeostasis?

A

endocrine- hormone secreted into blood stream
autocrine-hormone acts on producer cells
paraccrine- hormone acts on neighboring organs of different cell type

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1
Q

what controls homeostasis

A

neurological system and endocrine system

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2
Q
  1. most hormones have a what structure?
A
  1. peptide (protein)
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3
Q

what are the 3 types of hormones

A
  1. peptide (protein) –not bound to protein (ex. insulin)
  2. amide (amino acid based)
  3. steroids (cholesterol based) –bound to protein (ex. testosterone)
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4
Q

what does protein binding of a hormone do?

A

protects it from metabolism which prolongs its half life (also from renal clearance)

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5
Q
  1. hormone regulation is:
    a) inversely proportional
    b) proportional
  2. what does this mean?
A
  1. a) inversely proportional
  2. the higher the amount of the hormone goes, the receptors down regulate and vice versa (if hormone is low, you up regulate receptors)
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6
Q

what are 3 factors that affect hormone controls?

A
  1. rate of production- how fast can it be made and released (#1 factor)
  2. rate of delivery-blood flow dictates this
  3. rate of degredation-how fast is hormone broken down and excreted
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7
Q

what does negative feedback do to hormone release?

A

negative feedback terminates the release of the hormone

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8
Q
  1. what does positive feedback do?

2. how often does this happen?

A
  1. causes the release of more hormone

2. very rare (clotting and ovulation)

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9
Q

pituitary gland:

  1. where is it located?
  2. what controls it?
  3. how many sections (name them)?
A
  1. located in sella turcica of sphenoid bone (pea sized)
  2. controlled by pituitary gland
  3. 2 sections (neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis)
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10
Q
  1. what are the posterior pituitary hormones?
  2. what is the scientific name for the posterior pituitary?
  3. what type of glands are found here?
A
  1. anterior pituitary hormones:
    a) oxytocin
    b) vasopressin
  2. neurohypophysis
  3. neurosecretory cells/glands
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11
Q
  1. what is the scientific name of the anterior pituitary?

2. what are the hormones of the anterior pituitary?

A
  1. adenohypophysis (“a=a”)
  2. hormones of the anterior pituitary:
    a) TSH
    b) FSH
    c) LH
    d) Growth hormone
    e) ACTH
    f) Prolactin
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12
Q
  1. what do hormones start off as?

2. from where are they synthesized?

A
  1. they start as pre-hormones and pro-hormones

2. synthesized by endocrine cells

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13
Q

name the peptide or protein based hormones:

A
  • insulin
  • growth hormone
  • vasopressin
  • angiotensin
  • prolactin
  • erythropoetin
  • calcitonin
  • somatostatin
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • oxytocin
  • glucagon
  • parathytoid hormone
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14
Q
  1. name the amine or amino acid based hormones:
    (what are each of these hormones derived from)?
  2. how are they transported?
A
  1. 1a. thyroid hormones (thyroxine T4)-derived from AA Tyrosine
    1b. serotonin-derived from amino acid Tryptophan
    1c. catacholamines- derived from tyrosine (dopamine, ephinephrine, norepinephrine)
  2. thyroid is transported by being bound to transport proteins; catecholamine is NOT transported by proteins
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15
Q
  1. what is the second messenger that activates enzymes?
  2. how does it form?
  3. how does it work?
  4. how is it broken down/ how does it stop?
A
  1. cAMP
  2. an occupied receptor activates adenyl cyclase (plasma membrane enzyme); the membrane bound to adenyl cyclase catalyzes the intracellular conversion of ATP to cAMP
  3. cAMP activates intracellural enzymes&raquo_space;
  4. phosphodiesterase (enzyme) catalyaes the hydrolysis of cAMP and terminates its intracellular actions.
16
Q

what hormones use cAMP as a second messenger?

A
  • TSH
  • vasopressin
  • parathyroid
  • ACTH
  • FSH
  • LH
  • glucagon
  • catacholamines
17
Q
  1. what is down regulation?

2. what is up regulation?

A
  1. down regulation occurs in the presence of abundant hormones (the receptors decrease in # or sensitivity to prevent being overstimulated)
  2. up regulation occurs when there is a small amount of the hormone (the receptors increase in # or in sensitivity to ensure adequate stimulation)
18
Q

what is the purpose of the endocrine system:

A

to regulate:

  • energy & metabolism (thyroid hormone, GI and pancreatic hormones)
  • fluid status & electrolyte balance (aldosterone and ADH, also calcitonin)
  • also maturity of body and sex organs (ACTH (growth hormone, testosterone etc),
  • preservation of life (ADH, glucocortico steroids, catecholamines)
19
Q
  1. where do steroid hormones come from?
  2. how are they transported?
  3. name the steroid hormones?
A
  1. cholesterol
  2. bound to transport proteins
  3. cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, active metabolite of vitamin D
20
Q
  1. what does hypersecretion of ADH cause (blood volume, HCT, serum osmo, urine osmo)
  2. what is the name of this diagnosis?
  3. what causes this condition?
A
  1. hypersecretion of ADH causes water retention which causes an increase in blood volume, decrease in HCT, a decrease in serum osmo, and increase in urine osmo (concentrated urine)
  2. SIADH
  3. –laparoscopy procedures
    - -brain injury (SAH)
    - -hypothyroidism
    - -small cell lung cancers
21
Q

ADH hyposecretion:

  1. what does hyposecretion of ADH cause (same variables)
  2. what is the name of this condition?
  3. what causes this condition (2 types of causes)?
A
  1. hyposecretion of ADH causes copious urination and water loss which causes a decrease in blood volume, increase in HCT, increase of serum osmo and decrease in urine osmo (dilute urine)
  2. Diabetes Insipidus
  3. neurogenic: brain surgery etc.
    - -nephrogenic: sickle cell, hypercalcemia or hypokalemia etc.
22
Q
  1. what is the treatment for SIADH?

2. what is the treatment for DI?

A
  1. treatment for SIADH:
    - water restriction
    - Dimethylchlorotetracycline -inhibits effect of ADH in the kidneys
    - hypertonic saline (slow…3%(to pull water from cells)) with
    - lasix (to diurese it out)
  2. treatment for DI:
    - aqueous vasopressin (short term);
    - vasopressin gtt (long term)
23
Q
  1. if someone is having a hypophosectomy
    a) what conditions might they have?
    b) what labs should be done?
  2. if the approach is trans-sphenoid, what are the risks?
A
  1. may have cushings, acromegaly etc
    - -have baseline labs (lytes, creat clearance, cardiac clearance for acromegaly etc)
  2. risks for transsphenoid are air embolism d/t (it being a sitting case)
24
Q

what are the forms of hormone function (and what each does)?

A
  1. endocrine- hormones flow thru the bloodstream to a tareget cell
  2. paracrine- hormone acts on a neighbor cell of different type
  3. autocrine- hormone acts on neighboring cells of same type
25
Q
  1. where does ADH work in the kidneys?

2. What does vasopressin/ desmopressin (DDAVP) do in the body?

A
  1. distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts
  2. Causes:
    - vasoconstriction
    - increase in circulating von wildebrands factor
    - preserves h2o balance
    - promotes hemostasis
26
Q
  1. What is a normal serum and urine osmo?
  2. what will the urine osmo be with DI?
  3. what are s/s of DI?
A
  1. 275-290 serum and 275-300 urine
  2. 50-200
  3. (s/s of DI are the s/s of hyperkalemia) polydipsia, hyper-reflexia, weakness, lethargy, seizures, coma, death
27
Q

what causes HYPOSECRETION OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY:

A

CAUSES:

-tumors compressing, post partum shock, irridation, hypophysectomy (removal of anterior pituitary)

28
Q

what causes HYPERSECRETION OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY:

A

-causes:

hyperfunctioning of pituitary adenoma

29
Q
  1. what condition does SIADH cause in the body?
  2. what causes SIADH?
  3. what are s/s of SIADH?
A
  1. SIADH causes too much water reabsorption (water intoxication)
  2. causes:
    –laparoscopy procedures
    –brain injury (SAH)
    –hypothyroidism
    –small cell lung cancers
  3. s/s od SIADH are s/s of water intox:
    lethargy, headache, confusion, seizure, coma, death
30
Q

If u are in the desert and dehydrated, will u produce more or less ADH?

A

More, ADH preserves fluid in the body

2. adv principles 3 exam 2 (4 decks)

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