ENDOCRINE

Question 0

what are parts of the hormonal controls of homeostasis?

Answer 0

endocrine- hormone secreted into blood stream
autocrine-hormone acts on producer cells
paraccrine- hormone acts on neighboring organs of different cell type

Question 1

what controls homeostasis

Answer 1

neurological system and endocrine system

Question 2

1. most hormones have a what structure?

Answer 2

1. peptide (protein)

Question 3

what are the 3 types of hormones

Answer 3

1. peptide (protein) –not bound to protein (ex. insulin)
2. amide (amino acid based)
3. steroids (cholesterol based) –bound to protein (ex. testosterone)

Question 4

what does protein binding of a hormone do?

Answer 4

protects it from metabolism which prolongs its half life (also from renal clearance)

Question 5

1. hormone regulation is:
   a) inversely proportional
   b) proportional
2. what does this mean?

Answer 5

1. a) inversely proportional
2. the higher the amount of the hormone goes, the receptors down regulate and vice versa (if hormone is low, you up regulate receptors)

Question 6

what are 3 factors that affect hormone controls?

Answer 6

1. rate of production- how fast can it be made and released (#1 factor)
2. rate of delivery-blood flow dictates this
3. rate of degredation-how fast is hormone broken down and excreted

Question 7

what does negative feedback do to hormone release?

Answer 7

negative feedback terminates the release of the hormone

Question 8

1. what does positive feedback do?

2. how often does this happen?

Answer 8

1. causes the release of more hormone

2. very rare (clotting and ovulation)

Question 9

pituitary gland:

1. where is it located?
2. what controls it?
3. how many sections (name them)?

Answer 9

1. located in sella turcica of sphenoid bone (pea sized)
2. controlled by pituitary gland
3. 2 sections (neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis)

Question 10

1. what are the posterior pituitary hormones?
2. what is the scientific name for the posterior pituitary?
3. what type of glands are found here?

Answer 10

1. anterior pituitary hormones:
   a) oxytocin
   b) vasopressin
2. neurohypophysis
3. neurosecretory cells/glands

Question 11

1. what is the scientific name of the anterior pituitary?

2. what are the hormones of the anterior pituitary?

Answer 11

1. adenohypophysis (“a=a”)
2. hormones of the anterior pituitary:
   a) TSH
   b) FSH
   c) LH
   d) Growth hormone
   e) ACTH
   f) Prolactin

Question 12

1. what do hormones start off as?

2. from where are they synthesized?

Answer 12

1. they start as pre-hormones and pro-hormones

2. synthesized by endocrine cells

Question 13

name the peptide or protein based hormones:

Answer 13

• insulin
• growth hormone
• vasopressin
• angiotensin
• prolactin
• erythropoetin
• calcitonin
• somatostatin
• adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
• oxytocin
• glucagon
• parathytoid hormone

Question 14

1. name the amine or amino acid based hormones:
   (what are each of these hormones derived from)?
2. how are they transported?

Answer 14

1. 1a. thyroid hormones (thyroxine T4)-derived from AA Tyrosine
   1b. serotonin-derived from amino acid Tryptophan
   1c. catacholamines- derived from tyrosine (dopamine, ephinephrine, norepinephrine)
2. thyroid is transported by being bound to transport proteins; catecholamine is NOT transported by proteins

Question 15

1. what is the second messenger that activates enzymes?
2. how does it form?
3. how does it work?
4. how is it broken down/ how does it stop?

Answer 15

1. cAMP
2. an occupied receptor activates adenyl cyclase (plasma membrane enzyme); the membrane bound to adenyl cyclase catalyzes the intracellular conversion of ATP to cAMP
3. cAMP activates intracellural enzymes&raquo_space;
4. phosphodiesterase (enzyme) catalyaes the hydrolysis of cAMP and terminates its intracellular actions.

Question 16

what hormones use cAMP as a second messenger?

Answer 16

• TSH
• vasopressin
• parathyroid
• ACTH
• FSH
• LH
• glucagon
• catacholamines

Question 17

1. what is down regulation?

2. what is up regulation?

Answer 17

1. down regulation occurs in the presence of abundant hormones (the receptors decrease in # or sensitivity to prevent being overstimulated)
2. up regulation occurs when there is a small amount of the hormone (the receptors increase in # or in sensitivity to ensure adequate stimulation)

Question 18

what is the purpose of the endocrine system:

Answer 18

to regulate:

• energy & metabolism (thyroid hormone, GI and pancreatic hormones)
• fluid status & electrolyte balance (aldosterone and ADH, also calcitonin)
• also maturity of body and sex organs (ACTH (growth hormone, testosterone etc),
• preservation of life (ADH, glucocortico steroids, catecholamines)

Question 19

1. where do steroid hormones come from?
2. how are they transported?
3. name the steroid hormones?

Answer 19

1. cholesterol
2. bound to transport proteins
3. cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, active metabolite of vitamin D

Question 20

1. what does hypersecretion of ADH cause (blood volume, HCT, serum osmo, urine osmo)
2. what is the name of this diagnosis?
3. what causes this condition?

Answer 20

1. hypersecretion of ADH causes water retention which causes an increase in blood volume, decrease in HCT, a decrease in serum osmo, and increase in urine osmo (concentrated urine)
2. SIADH
3. –laparoscopy procedures
   - -brain injury (SAH)
   - -hypothyroidism
   - -small cell lung cancers

Question 21

ADH hyposecretion:

1. what does hyposecretion of ADH cause (same variables)
2. what is the name of this condition?
3. what causes this condition (2 types of causes)?

Answer 21

1. hyposecretion of ADH causes copious urination and water loss which causes a decrease in blood volume, increase in HCT, increase of serum osmo and decrease in urine osmo (dilute urine)
2. Diabetes Insipidus
3. neurogenic: brain surgery etc.
   - -nephrogenic: sickle cell, hypercalcemia or hypokalemia etc.

Question 22

1. what is the treatment for SIADH?

2. what is the treatment for DI?

Answer 22

1. treatment for SIADH:
   - water restriction
   - Dimethylchlorotetracycline -inhibits effect of ADH in the kidneys
   - hypertonic saline (slow…3%(to pull water from cells)) with
   - lasix (to diurese it out)
2. treatment for DI:
   - aqueous vasopressin (short term);
   - vasopressin gtt (long term)

Question 23

1. if someone is having a hypophosectomy
   a) what conditions might they have?
   b) what labs should be done?
2. if the approach is trans-sphenoid, what are the risks?

Answer 23

1. may have cushings, acromegaly etc
   - -have baseline labs (lytes, creat clearance, cardiac clearance for acromegaly etc)
2. risks for transsphenoid are air embolism d/t (it being a sitting case)

Question 24

what are the forms of hormone function (and what each does)?

Answer 24

1. endocrine- hormones flow thru the bloodstream to a tareget cell 2. paracrine- hormone acts on a neighbor cell of different type 3. autocrine- hormone acts on neighboring cells of same type

Question 25

1. where does ADH work in the kidneys? | 2. What does vasopressin/ desmopressin (DDAVP) do in the body?

Answer 25

1. distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts 2. Causes: - vasoconstriction - increase in circulating von wildebrands factor - preserves h2o balance - promotes hemostasis

Question 26

1. What is a normal serum and urine osmo? 2. what will the urine osmo be with DI? 3. what are s/s of DI?

Answer 26

1. 275-290 serum and 275-300 urine 2. 50-200 3. (s/s of DI are the s/s of hyperkalemia) polydipsia, hyper-reflexia, weakness, lethargy, seizures, coma, death

Question 27

what causes HYPOSECRETION OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY:

Answer 27

CAUSES: | -tumors compressing, post partum shock, irridation, hypophysectomy (removal of anterior pituitary)

Question 28

what causes HYPERSECRETION OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY:

Answer 28

-causes: | hyperfunctioning of pituitary adenoma

Question 29

1. what condition does SIADH cause in the body? 2. what causes SIADH? 3. what are s/s of SIADH?

Answer 29

1. SIADH causes too much water reabsorption (water intoxication) 2. causes: --laparoscopy procedures --brain injury (SAH) --hypothyroidism --small cell lung cancers 3. s/s od SIADH are s/s of water intox: lethargy, headache, confusion, seizure, coma, death

Question 30

If u are in the desert and dehydrated, will u produce more or less ADH?

Answer 30

More, ADH preserves fluid in the body