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Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical messengers produced in one location and transported via the blood stream where they cause a response in the target cells

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2
Q

Name examples of Water-soluble hormones(not exact)

A

peptides, catecholamines

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3
Q

Name examples of lipid soluble hormones

A

steroids, thyroid hormones

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4
Q

how are water hormones stored and how are they transported?

A

they are made and stored as required (released by exocytosis).
they travel dissolved in the blood.

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5
Q

how are lipid hormones stored and how are they transported?

A

steroid hormones are made from cholestrol as required.
EXCEPTION: Thyroid hormones are made in thyroid cells and stored.
they travel bound to carriers in the blood.

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6
Q

where are water soluble hormone receptors located

A

Located on cell membrane

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7
Q

where are lipid soluble hormone receptors located

A

located inside the cell

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8
Q

describe water soluble receptor process

A

Hormone binding allows activation of associated G protein which activates/inhibits second messenger pathway, causing a cellular response.

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9
Q

describe lipid soluble receptor process

A

lipid soluble hormone binding to intracellular receptors acts as a specific transcription factor, activating the target gene, which generates new mRNA, which synthesises a protein which causes cellular response.

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10
Q

how long do water soluble hormones take

A

milliseconds to minutes

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11
Q

how long do lipid soluble hormones take

A

hours to days

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12
Q

amount of hormone in blood depends on

A

rate of hormone secretion and rate of removal from blood

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13
Q

what kind of hormone is insulin

A

peptide (water soluble)

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14
Q

How is the hypothalamus connected to the posterior pituitary gland?

A

With neurons

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15
Q

Where are posterior pituitary hormones made and where are they stored?

A

They are made in the hypothalamus and stored in the axon endings in the posterior pituitary.

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16
Q

How are posterior lobe hormones released

A

Neural communication with the hypothalamus stimulates the release of hormones

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17
Q

Examples of posterior pituitary hormones

A

Antidieuretic and oxytocin

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18
Q

where are anterior pituitary hormones produced

A

in the anterior pituitary gland

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19
Q

how is the hypothalamus connected to the anterior pituitary gland

A

blood vessels

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20
Q

When are growth hormones highest

A

puberty

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21
Q

Growth hormone pathway

A

GH-RH –> GH –> incr in metabolism, release of Somatosedin C incr growth –> inhibition of GH-RH

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22
Q

what hormones are made and secreted from the thyroid gland

A

Thyroid hormone and Calcitonin

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23
Q

where are thyroid hormones synthesised

A

thyroid follicular cells

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24
Q

what do clear cells produce

A

calcitonin

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25
How are thyroid hormones produced
1. Thyroglobulin (TGB) is produced in the follicles and contains Tyrosine 2. Iodine enters follicular cells from the blood and reacts with Tyrosine 3. Thyroid hormone can detach from iodised TGB as required, T3 is active, T4 is inactive 4. T3 and T4 hormones travel in the blood bound to carriers (TBG Thyroid binding globulin)
26
describe thyroid hormone pathway
stimulus: external or internal Hypothalamus (T-RH) --> Anterior Pituitary (T-SH) --> Thyroid (T3 and T4) --> increase basal metabolic rate, stimulate growth, normal alertness and reflexes
27
What are the effects of thyroid hormone
- increased body heat production - stimulates fatty acid oxidation (usage) - increases proteolysis - stimulates carbohydrate metabolism
28
Describe the pathway of Blood calcium homeostasis
decr in blood calcium --> parathyroid glands: PTH --> effects: Kidney 1. incr calcium reabsorption into blood which decreases calcium excreted in urine. 2. vitamin D and calcitriol increase calcium reabsorption from food in intestines Bone: 1. Increase bone breakdown, which increases release of Ca into the blood This then increases blood calcium levels which inhibits decrease in blood calcium.
29
where is adrenaline secreted from
adrenal medulla
30
where is cortisol secreted from
adrenal cortex
31
where is the adrenal glands found
superior to the kidney
32
what kind of hormone is adrenaline
water soluble catecholamines
33
adrenaline pathway
stress --> hypothalamus --> sympathetic preganglionic fibres --> adrenal medulla: adrenaline --> metabolic effects Skeletal muscle/liver: incr glycogenolysis Fat: incr fat breakdown
34
where are the parathyroid glands located
on the posterior of the thyroid glands
35
what kind of hormone is cortisol
lipid soluble steroid
36
when are cortisol levels highest
during waking
37
cortisol pathway
non-stress neural inputs e.g day-night rhythms --> hypothalamus: CRH --> anterior pituitary: ACTH --> adrenal cortex: cortisol --> metabolic effects Muscle: incr protein breakdown decr glucose uptake Fat: incr fat breakdown decr glucose uptake Liver: incr glucose synthesis
38
ADH pathway
stress --> hypothalamus neural stimulation --> posterior pituitary: ADH --> metabolic effects Decr urination Incr blood volume and blood pressure
39
What is Addison's Disease caused by
Autoimmunity: Hyposecretion of cortisol and aldosterone
40
Effects of Addisons Disease
- Low blood pressure - Weakness due to lack of fuel Decr in cortisol leads to incr of ATCH, this excess ACTH stimulates melanin synthesis which causes darker skin.
41
Causes of Cushing's Disease
Hypersecretion of cortisol caused by Tumors
42
Symptoms of Cushing's disease
- Buffalo Hump - Moonface - High blood pressure - Weakness (muscle wasting)
43
Cause of Gigantism
Hypersecretion of growth hormone.
44
Symptoms of gigantism
Much taller and some extra bony formations in the face.
45
Cause of primordial dwarfism
Hyposecretion of GH.
46
Cause of Infantile Hypothyroidism
Not enough iodine in mother's diet. Hyposecretion of Thyroid hormone
47
Symptoms of Infantile Hypothyroidism
- cold intolerance - low metabolic rate - growth is retarded - brain development is inhibited
48
Cause of Iodine Deficiency Disorder (Simple Goitre)
Not enough iodine in diet. Hyposecretion of thyroid hormone.
49
Effects of Iodine Deficiency disorder (simple goitre)
Decr in TH, means TRH and TSH secretion increases. Excess TSH stimulates growth of thyroid gland (goitre). Loss of negative feedback control
50
Causes of Grave's Disease
Autoimmune: hyper secretion of thyroid hormone
51
Symptoms of Grave's disease
- high metabolic rate - weight loss
52
Causes of Hyperparathyroidism
Tumors: hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone
53
Symptoms of hyperparathyroidism
- excess PTH secretion - bones become soft, deformed and fragile - raises blood levels of calcium and phosphate ions - promotes formation of kidney stones composed of calcium phosphate
54
Hypercalcaemia cause
Tumors: blood calcium levels are too high
55
Effects of Hypercalcaemia
- Nerve and muscle cells less responsive and excitable - can lead to enotional disturbances - muscle weakness - sluggish reflexes - cardiac arrest
56
Hypocalcemia causes
Vitamin D deficiency Diarrhoea Thyroid tumors Underactive paraythyroid glands Pregancy
57
Effects of Hypocalcemia
Increased excitability of the nervous system Leads to muscle tremors, spasms or cramps Suffication
58
Diabetes mellitus
Type 1 and Type 2
59
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Hyposecretion of insulin (too little or no insulin secreted) Causes by destruction of pancretic beta cells by immune system Symptoms: - Glucosuria, polyuria Treated with insulin injections
60
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Hyposensitivity: too little or no response to insulin Cause: desensitisation of insulin receptor. obesity Symptoms: - glucosuria, polyuria Treatment: changes in diet and excersise. various medications

Hubs191 (4 decks)

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