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Laura’s Biochemistry > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Is the humoral response fast or slow

A

Humoral - blood = endocrine response

Slow to act but the effects persist around the body

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2
Q

What percentage of the pancreas is endocrine

A

1/2% islets of Langerhans

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3
Q

What sort of lipid does steroid hormones have

A

Cholesterol

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4
Q

Some examples of steroid hormones are the same hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. What are they?

A

Aldosterone
Cortisol
Sex hormones like testosterone oestrogen progesterone

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5
Q

3 types of non steroid hormones

A

Amino acid derivatives
Peptides (long chain and short chain)
Glycoproteins

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6
Q

What are glycoproteins

A

Proteins with attached carbs

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7
Q

What are pro hormones

A

Many peptides hormones are produced in an inactive form called pre-pro hormone that becomes prohormones in the endoplasmic reticulum. Prohormones then becomes active hormone in the Golgi apparatus

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8
Q

Where are hormones metabolized

A

Liver

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9
Q

Where are hormones excreted

A

Kidneys

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10
Q

Difference between up/down regulation and over/undersecretion

A

Secretion refers to the amount of hormones

Regulation refers to the number of receptors on the target cells if there are more receptors on the target cells then its up regulation, the target cell is more sensitive

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11
Q

What is the name of the thing in between the anterior and posterior pituitary gland

A

Infundibulum

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12
Q

Functions of the hypothalamus

A

Thermoregulation
Thirst
Sexual behaviour
Emotions
Circadian
RH (regulating hormone secretion)

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13
Q

How does hypothalamus communicate with the anterior and posterior pituitary glands?

A

Anterior - blood vessels called the hypothalamic-pituitary portal vessels

Posterior - hormones along nerve axons

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14
Q

What are somatotrophins

A

Growth hormones secreted by anterior pituitary glands

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15
Q

What are produced by the neurons in the hypothalamus and passed along via the axons to the posterior pituitary gland

A

Oxytocin and ADH

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16
Q

What produces ADH

A

Paraventricular nucleus in hypothalamus

17
Q

What produces Oxytocin

A

Supraoptic nucleus in hypothalamus

18
Q

What controls secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline from the adrenal medulla

A

Sympathetic control from the hypothalamus

19
Q

What controls the secretion of cortisol

A

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone aka ACTH

20
Q

What controls the release of ACTH

A

CRH = corticotrophin releasing hormone

21
Q

Does dopamine inhibit or stimulate prolactin

A

Inhibit

22
Q

All the hypothalamus hormones

A

CRH - CORTICOtrophin rh
GRH - GONADOtrophin rh
SRH - SOMATOtrophin rh (2 types = somatostatin which inhibits; growth hormone rh which promotes secretion of somatotrophins)
TRH - THYROtrophin rh
PRH - prolactin rh
Dopamine

Oxytocin and ADH

23
Q

Function of luteinising hormone

A

Ovulation in females

Sex hormones in both

24
Q

Function of follicle stimulating hormone

A

Ovum maturation and oestrogen production

Spermi production

25
Q

Stimulus and effect of oxytocin

A

Infant sucking -> lactation
Stretch of uterus during childbirth -> contraction of uterus

26
Q

Why does sympathetic nerves inhibit insulin secretion

A

The sympathetic nervous system inhibits insulin secretion to keep blood glucose levels high when we are in fight or flight mode so that our organs have enough metabolites for fuel.

27
Q

Is cortisol a glucocorticoid or mineralocorticoid

A

Glucocorticoid; aldosterone is the mineralocorticoid

28
Q

Another name for sex hormones

A

Androgens

29
Q

What is the normal blood calcium range

A

8.5-11mg/dL

30
Q

Medical term for swollen thyroid

A

Goitre

31
Q

What causes swollen thyroid ie goitre

A

Iodine deficiency

32
Q

What is the normal blood glucose range

A

70-110 mg/dL

33
Q

Somatostatin inhibits both insulin and glucagon secretion idk why

A
34
Q

TSH and TRH

A

THYROtrophin releasing hormone stimulates thyroid stimulating hormone

35
Q

Where is renin, angiotensinogen and ACE produced

A

Renin in the kidneys
Angiotensinogen in the liver
Angiotensin-converting enzyme in the lungs

36
Q

Is t4 or t3 a precursor

A

T4 is a precursor to t3

37
Q

What hormones have permissive effects on adrenaline

A

Cortisol
Thyroid hormones

38
Q

What inhibits insulin

A

Adrenaline, sympathetic, somatostatin

Think about it, rest and digest = insulin = parasympathetic

39
Q

What promotes glucagon

A

Low blood glucose
CCK
Autonomic nerve activity

Laura’s Biochemistry (7 decks)

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