Endocrine Flashcards
Is the humoral response fast or slow
Humoral - blood = endocrine response
Slow to act but the effects persist around the body
What percentage of the pancreas is endocrine
1/2% islets of Langerhans
What sort of lipid does steroid hormones have
Cholesterol
Some examples of steroid hormones are the same hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. What are they?
Aldosterone
Cortisol
Sex hormones like testosterone oestrogen progesterone
3 types of non steroid hormones
Amino acid derivatives
Peptides (long chain and short chain)
Glycoproteins
What are glycoproteins
Proteins with attached carbs
What are pro hormones
Many peptides hormones are produced in an inactive form called pre-pro hormone that becomes prohormones in the endoplasmic reticulum. Prohormones then becomes active hormone in the Golgi apparatus
Where are hormones metabolized
Liver
Where are hormones excreted
Kidneys
Difference between up/down regulation and over/undersecretion
Secretion refers to the amount of hormones
Regulation refers to the number of receptors on the target cells if there are more receptors on the target cells then its up regulation, the target cell is more sensitive
What is the name of the thing in between the anterior and posterior pituitary gland
Infundibulum
Functions of the hypothalamus
Thermoregulation
Thirst
Sexual behaviour
Emotions
Circadian
RH (regulating hormone secretion)
How does hypothalamus communicate with the anterior and posterior pituitary glands?
Anterior - blood vessels called the hypothalamic-pituitary portal vessels
Posterior - hormones along nerve axons
What are somatotrophins
Growth hormones secreted by anterior pituitary glands
What are produced by the neurons in the hypothalamus and passed along via the axons to the posterior pituitary gland
Oxytocin and ADH
What produces ADH
Paraventricular nucleus in hypothalamus
What produces Oxytocin
Supraoptic nucleus in hypothalamus
What controls secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline from the adrenal medulla
Sympathetic control from the hypothalamus
What controls the secretion of cortisol
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone aka ACTH
What controls the release of ACTH
CRH = corticotrophin releasing hormone
Does dopamine inhibit or stimulate prolactin
Inhibit
All the hypothalamus hormones
CRH - CORTICOtrophin rh
GRH - GONADOtrophin rh
SRH - SOMATOtrophin rh (2 types = somatostatin which inhibits; growth hormone rh which promotes secretion of somatotrophins)
TRH - THYROtrophin rh
PRH - prolactin rh
Dopamine
Oxytocin and ADH
Function of luteinising hormone
Ovulation in females
Sex hormones in both
Function of follicle stimulating hormone
Ovum maturation and oestrogen production
Spermi production
Stimulus and effect of oxytocin
Infant sucking -> lactation
Stretch of uterus during childbirth -> contraction of uterus
Why does sympathetic nerves inhibit insulin secretion
The sympathetic nervous system inhibits insulin secretion to keep blood glucose levels high when we are in fight or flight mode so that our organs have enough metabolites for fuel.
Is cortisol a glucocorticoid or mineralocorticoid
Glucocorticoid; aldosterone is the mineralocorticoid
Another name for sex hormones
Androgens
What is the normal blood calcium range
8.5-11mg/dL
Medical term for swollen thyroid
Goitre
What causes swollen thyroid ie goitre
Iodine deficiency
What is the normal blood glucose range
70-110 mg/dL
Somatostatin inhibits both insulin and glucagon secretion idk why
TSH and TRH
THYROtrophin releasing hormone stimulates thyroid stimulating hormone
Where is renin, angiotensinogen and ACE produced
Renin in the kidneys
Angiotensinogen in the liver
Angiotensin-converting enzyme in the lungs
Is t4 or t3 a precursor
T4 is a precursor to t3
What hormones have permissive effects on adrenaline
Cortisol
Thyroid hormones
What inhibits insulin
Adrenaline, sympathetic, somatostatin
Think about it, rest and digest = insulin = parasympathetic
What promotes glucagon
Low blood glucose
CCK
Autonomic nerve activity
