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AP 2 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secretes their products into ducts
On skin, digestive system

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2
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Secretes their products directly into bloodstream

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3
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Found in brain
Helps control: Heartbeat
Body temp
Water balance
Glandular secretions

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4
Q

Posterior pituitary gland

A

Found in brain
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin

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5
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Posterior pituitary gland
Regulates water balance by reabsorbing water into the bloodstream
(You pee less)

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6
Q

Oxytocin

A

Posterior pituitary gland
Causes uterine contraction during childbirth and allows milk to be released during nursing
Is a positive feedback loop

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7
Q

Anterior pituitary gland

A

Found in brain
Hormones produced: - Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Gonadotropic hormones
- Prolactin (PRL)
- Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
- Growth hormone (GH)

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8
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Anterior pituitary gland
Stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones

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9
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Anterior pituitary gland
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol
Stress response

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10
Q

Gonadotropic hormones

A

Anterior pituitary gland
Stimulates gonads to produce sex cells and hormones

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11
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

Anterior pituitary gland
Stimulates mammary glands and develop and produce milk only after childbirth

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12
Q

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

Anterior pituitary gland
Controls the amount of Melanin produced in the skin to determine skin color

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13
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

Anterior pituitary gland
Promotes skeletal and muscular growth
Needed for normal development/growth

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14
Q

Pituitary dwarfism

A

Too little GH is produced during childhood; results in small stature

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15
Q

Gigantism

A

Too much GH is produced during childhood; results in poor health
Cardiovascular issues

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16
Q

Acromegaly

A

Overproduction of GH as an adult; results in larger than normal feet, hands, and face

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17
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Large gland below the larynx
Iodine needed in diet to allow thyroid to produce hormones
- Thyroid hormone (TH)
- Calcitonin

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18
Q

Thyroid hormone (TH)

A

Regulates metabolism. Is a key regulater

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19
Q

Calcitonin

A

Thyroid gland
Helps lower blood calcium levels by stimulating the deposition of calcium in the bones

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20
Q

Simple goiter

A

Thyroid enlarges due to lack of iodine in diet.

21
Q

Congenital hypothyroidism

A

Thyroid does not develop properly and is characterized in a short, stocky person who may have mental retardation
People are born with this condition

22
Q

Myxedema

A

Hypothyroidism which occurs in adults characterized by lethargy, weight gain, loss of hair, cold intolerance, and thick, puffy skin.
Can be treated

23
Q

Exophthalimic goiter

A

Characterized by enlargement of the thyroid gland, protrusion of the eyes, hyperactivity, and insomnia
Hyperthyroidism

24
Q

Thyroid tumor

A

Can easily be removed with surgery

25
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Helps control blood calcium levels by promoting osteoclast activity and reabsorption by the kidneys

26
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Found on top of kidneys
Adrenal cortex: outsider portion
Adrenal medulla: inner portion

27
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Inner portion of the adrenal gland
Hypothalamus initiates the making of the hormones. These make the “fight or flight” response
Epinephrine - a stimulant
Norepinephrine - a neurotransmitter

28
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Outer portion of the adrenal gland
Produces hormones that are long term response to stress
Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids

29
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Regulates carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
Suppress the body’s inflammatory response
e.g. cortisol and cortisone

30
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Regulate salt and water balance
Targets the kidneys

31
Q

Addison disease

A

Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex
Main symptom is bronzing of the skin

32
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex
Main symptom is weight gain in the trunk of the body but not the arms and legs

33
Q

Pancreas

A

Found between the kidneys
Brain of the digestive system
Dual function organ
Hormones: Insulin & Glucagon

34
Q

Acinar cells

A

Exocrine secretion
From pancreas
Produce and secrete digestive juices

35
Q

Insulin

A

Made from islets of Langerhans found in pancreas
Endocrine secretion
Secreted by beta cells when blood glucose is high which makes it so that cells can take in the sugar

36
Q

Glucagon

A

Made from islets of Langerhans found in Pancreas
Endocrine secretion
Secreted by alpha cells when blood glucose is low
This happens by getting the liver to breakdown glycogen

37
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Early onset, found most of the time in children
Tends to run in families
Pancreatic cells are attacked and cannot produce insulin
Needs insulin injections regularly

38
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

Normally adult onset, is the most common type
More common in obese & people unable to move around a lot
Cells do not respond as well to insulin
Usually diet and exercise are important for controlling and can prevent it

39
Q

Gestational diabetes

A

Type 2 diabetes that can occur during pregnancy

40
Q

Testes

A

Gonads found in males
Produce androgens (aka testosterone)

41
Q

Androgens

A

AKA testosterone
- Stimulates growth of penis and testes
- Responsible for male sex characteristics such as facial, underarm and pubic hair
- Prompts the larynx and vocal cords to enlarge, resulting in a lower voice
- Promotes muscular strength & growth

(Basically male puberty)

42
Q

Ovaries

A

Gonads found in females
Produces Estrogen and Progesterone

43
Q

Estrogen and Proesterone

A
  • Stimulates growth of vagina and uterus
  • Responsible for secondary sex characteristics such as female body hair, fat distribution, and breast development
  • Responsible for egg maturation
  • Regulate the uterine cycle
44
Q

Thymus

A

Found beneath the sternum
This gland is largest and most active during childhood, shrinking in adulthood
Secretes thymosins that help make white blood cells

45
Q

Pineal gland

A

Found in brain
Secretes melatonin that regulates the sleep/wake cycle
aka Circadian rhythm

46
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

Secreted by the kidneys to increase red blood cell production
Going to high altitudes can naturally increase your RBC production

47
Q

Leptin

A

Produced by fat cells (adipocytes), acts on the hypothalamus to give a feeling of being satiated (feeling full)

48
Q

Prostaglandins

A
  • Groups of potent chemicals that are not carried in the bloodstream, work locally on neighboring cells
  • Some cause smooth muscle contraction
  • They have many other roles in the body
    Aspirin and ibuprofen block their synthesis
49
Q

Homeostasis

A

The body is balanced
Nervous and endocrine systems are important in maintaining homeostasis
- Hypothalamus bridges regulatory functions of both systems. Is a key player in keeping everything under control
- The nervous system response to changes in the external environment

AP 2 (3 decks)

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