Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BPT Sadness 😔 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Which thyroid cancer has the best prognosis?

A

Papillary > follicular > medullary > anaplastic
(Papa farted, mama angry)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the MOA of gliclazide (sulfonylurea) and what is a key SE?

A

Stimulate insulin production in pancreas (thus only works in residual pancreatic Fx); causes weight gain

Can get hypoglycaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the MOA of SGLT2-i?

A

Inhibit SGLT2 receptors in proximal tubules > urinary glucose excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the MOA of metformin (biguanide)?

A

Stimulates AMPK > increase insulin sensitivity > decrease hepatic glucose production,
Decrease intestinal absorption of glucose, increase peripheral glucose uptake and utilisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the MOA of GLP-1 agonists?

A

Stimulates glucose-dependent insulin release, slows gastric emptying and inhibit inappropriate post-meal glucagon release and increase satiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the MOA of DPP4-i e.g. gliptins, and what are the main SE?

A
  1. Increased availability of GLP-1 > stimulates glucose-dependent insulin release, slows gastric emptying and inhibit inappropriate post-meal glucagon release
  2. Reduces the peripheral breakdown of GLP-1 and GIP

SE angioedema and pancreatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the most common mutation sites of nephrogenic DI?

A

ADH/vasopressin receptor > aquaporin receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are 4 key complications of acromegaly?

A

HTN
Diabetes
Cardiomyopathy
Colorectal Ca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In a patient with HbA1C 8.5, overweight and already on high dose metformin, what would the next line in Mx be?

A

DPP4-i (gliptin); especially if no HF
- Avoid sulfonylurea given obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What movement is most impaired with adhesive capsulitis?

A

External rotation (on both active and passive movement); common in diabetics (20%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the goal rate of sodium correction in acute hypoNa?

A

4 to 8 mmol/l in a 24-hour period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What thyroid-associated protein naturally rises during the first trimester of pregnancy?

A

Thyroid binding globulin
> causes an increase in the levels of total thyroxine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In addition to “clinical symptoms suggestive of diabetes”, what are the confirmatory diagnoses of diabetes?

A
  • Presenting with hyperglycaemic crisis
  • Single FBG ≥ 7
  • Single HbA1C ≥ 6.5%
  • Random BGL ≥ 11.1
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the role of calcitonin?

A

Released in response to hypercalcaemia
1. Opposes/inhibits osteoclasts > promotes osteoblasts to increase calcium deposition into bone
2. Reduces resorption of calcium by the kidneys

Found in the parafollicular/C cells in thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which hormones produced by posterior pituitary?

A

ADH and oxytocin
- Anti-OXidant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the order of anterior pituitary hormones affected in hypopituitarism?

A

GFL at PTA
- Greek families laugh (at) parent teacher association

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Causes of hyperlipidaemia?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Causes of gynaecomastia?
Physiologic vs. drug

A

Drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Thyroid shit

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Small dense LDL associated with

A

Diabetes
- Most atherogenic type of lipid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Types of tests to assess for Cushings

A
  1. Midnight salivary x 3
  2. Low dose dexathamethasone suppression
  3. 24 urinary cortisol

(High dose for ectopic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Dermatological conditions in diabetes

A

Skin reactions in DM are LoVINNG the D:
• LipOatrophy
• Vitiligo
• Infectious (Strep, Candida)
• Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum (shiny, painless, yellow/brown, surrounding telangiectasia)
• Neuropathic ulcers
• Granuloma annulare (hyperpigmented, centrally depressed)
• Diabetic dermopathy - red papules; atrophic hyperpigmented lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Whipple’s triad

A
  1. Low glucose
  2. Symptoms hypoglycaemia
  3. Immediate relief of symptoms with IV glucose
24
Q

Steroid replacement for primary adrenal insufficiency?

A

Glucocorticoids + mineralocorticoids

Glucocorticoids
- Hydrocortisone
- Cortisone
- Prednisolone
- Dexamethasone
- Methylprednisolone

Mineralocorticoids
- Fludricortisone

25
Q

What steroid replacement is required for hypopituitarism?

A

Glucocorticoid only
- Mineralocorticoid usually not required because renin-angiotension-aldosterone axis is intact

26
Q

In Paget’s disease, serum and urine levels of X are elevated

A

Elevated hydroxyproline

27
Q

Simplest way to diagnose acromegaly?

A

Serum IGF-1
- Levels don’t fluctuate as much as GH

28
Q

Treatment of acromegaly?

A
  1. Surgical removal of pituitary tumour
  2. Medical
    - Somatostatin receptor ligands
    + Octreotide (SSTR 2); can have GI S/E
    + Pasireotide (SSTR 1, 2, 3, 5); decrease GH secretion from pituitary tumour and may cause shrinkage BUT can worsen hyperglycaemia
    - Dopamine agonist e.g. cabergoline; suppresses FH at pituitary, use in MILD disease
    - GH receptor antagonist e.g. pegisomant; ddecreases IGF1 level and symptoms, but doesn’t help tumour

RTx - only when surgery not available

29
Q

Which somatostatin analogue is most associated with worsening of T2DM?

A

Pasireotide

30
Q

SE carbimazole?

A

• Rash and arthalgia
• Agranulocytosis
• Hepatitis

31
Q

Concerning features on CT for adrenal tumors?

A

• Size >4 cm
• >10 houndsfield units
• PET SUV max >5

32
Q

Adrenal adenoma radiographic features?

A

Houndsfield unit >10
Size >4cm

33
Q

Increased co-peptin suggests which type of DI?

A

Nephrogenic

34
Q

Suspicious TIRADS?

A

TIRADS >4
• Hypoechoic/solid/dense
• Tall
• Lobulated/irregular/extra-thyroidal extension
• Calcification/punctate

35
Q

Which hypothalamic nuclei is responsible for ADH secretion?

A

Supraoptic nuclei
Paraventricular nuclei

36
Q

Which fracture after stopping denosumab

A

Vertebral

37
Q

Indication for parathyroidectomy?

A
  1. Stone
  2. OP
  3. Decreased renal Fx
38
Q

Pituitary adenoma is seen in which MEN condition?

A

MEN1
- P1tu1tary adenoma
- Parathyro1d
- Pancreat1c tumor

39
Q

Medullary thyroid carcinoma and phaeochromocytoma are in which MEN syndrome?

A

MEN 2

40
Q

Dexamethasone suppression test and phaeo?

A

May precipitate phaeochromocytoma crisis

41
Q

Indications for obesity surgery

A

BMI >35 with comorbidities incl. poor glycaemic control
BMI >40

42
Q

Pathognomic extra thyroid manifestation of Graves?

A

Pre-tibial myxoedema
- Look for TRAb

43
Q

LH to FSH ratio in PCOS?

A

LH : FSH usually 3:1
- LH > testosterone/androgens

44
Q

Treatment of primary hyperaldosteronism/bilateral adrenal hyperplasia?

A

Spironolactone/eplerenone

45
Q

Medications to avoid in Graves’ opthalmopathy

A

Radioactive iodine
- May exacerbate eye changes

46
Q

An Asian man with hyperthyroidism develops muscle weakness after eating carbs or after strenuous exercise makes you think?

A

Hypokalaemic periodic paralysis
- Attacks may last 7-72 hours

47
Q

Sex hormone binding globulin is LOW in?

A

High testosterone states
- Obesity, T2DM, metabolic syndrome, NAFLD, PCOS

48
Q

Hormones in menopause

A

FSH > LH and low oestradiol levels

49
Q

AMH and inhibin B levels in PCOS?

A

Both high, because LH > FSH

50
Q

Patterns in thyroid radioactive uptake scans

A
51
Q

Dexamethasone suppression test

A
52
Q

What is osteoprotegrin?

A

RANK-L decoy receptor
- Thus blocks osteoclast development

53
Q

Which nodules are suspicious for cancer on thyroid uptake scan?

A

Cold nodules - suspicious for malignancy
- Hypoechoic and solid

Lack of isotope uptake is a RF for malignancy

54
Q

Thyroid uptake scan

A
55
Q

High dose dex which suppresses cortisol suggests pituitary vs adrenal?

A

Pituitary
- Affects set point in pituitary adenoma

56
Q

U

Most common adverse effect of testosterone replacement?

A

Urinary retention

BPT Sadness 😔 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions