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A&P II > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine System

A

Comprised of glands and the hormones they secrete

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2
Q

Glands

A

Separate organ or part of another organ

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3
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical mediator, or ligands released into the blood that can alter the metabolic activity of cells

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4
Q

Ligands

A

Chemical Mediator

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5
Q

Target Cells

A

Any body cells that have receptors for the hormones

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6
Q

Hormonal Stimulation

A

The stimulus for the release of many hormones from its endocrine gland is the binding of another hormone

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7
Q

Humoral Stimulation

A

Some endocrine glands are stimulated to release their hormones in response to a changing level of nutrient molecules (glucose) or ions (Ca2+) within the blood

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8
Q

Neural Stimulation

A

A few endocrine glands are stimulated to release hormone(s) by direct stimulation from the nervous system

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9
Q

Steroids

A

Lipid-Soluble, formed from cholesterol

Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone

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10
Q

Biogenie Amines

A

Water-soluble (except thyroid hormone), derived from amino acid that is modified

Norepinephrine, epinephrine, thyroid hormone, melantonin

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11
Q

Proteins

A

Water-soluble, consists of amino acid chains, 3 subgroups: small peptides, large polypeptides, glycoproteins

Antidiuretic hormone, insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, erythropoietin

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12
Q

Local Hormones

A

Large group of signaling molecules that do not circulate within the blood; instead these molecules are released from cells that produce them and bind with either the small cell that produced them or neighboring cells.

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13
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Local hormones derived from fatter acid

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14
Q

Autocrine Stimulation

A

Initiate cellular changes within the same cell

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15
Q

Paracrine Stimulation

A

Initiate cellular changes within a neighboring cell

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16
Q

Bound Hormone

A

A hormone (lipid-soluble) attached to a carrier protein

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17
Q

Unbound (free) Hormone

A

An unattached hormone (water-soluble)

18
Q

Hormone Synthesis

A

Occurs in an endocrine gland; if the rate of synthesis and release increases, then the concentration of the hormone within the blood is greater. In contrast, if synthesis and release of the hormone decreases, hormone concentration in the blood is lower

19
Q

Hormone Elemination

A

Hormones are typically eliminated through either (1) enzymatic degradation, which usually occurs in liver cells, or (2) removal of the hormone from the blood by either its excretion from the kidneys or by its uptake into target cells. The faster the rate of hormone elimination, the lower the hormone concentration within the blood, whereas the slower the rate of hormone elimination, the higher the hormone concentration within the blood.

20
Q

Half-Life

A

The amount of time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration within the blood to one-half of what had been secreted originally (or measured previously)

21
Q

Lipophilic

A

Lipid-loving

22
Q

Hormone-receptor Complex

A

Hormones binding to intracellular receptors located either in the cytoplasm or nucleus

23
Q

Hormone-response Elements (HREs)

A

The hormone receptor complex formed within the target cell binds to a particular DNA sequence in regions of the chromatin

24
Q

Signal Transduction Pathway

A

The binding of water-soluble hormones to a plasma membrane receptor initiates a series of biochemical events across the membrane

25
Q

First Messenger

A

The signaling hormone

26
Q

Second Messenger

A

Intracellular chemical modifying activity within a cell after the first messenger binds to the plasma membrane

27
Q

G Protein

A

Specific protein that acquires its energy from guanosine triphosphate; when activated by a membrane protein and alters the activity of that protein

28
Q

Adenylate Cyclase

A

Activate G protein moves along the inside of the plasma membrane, where it binds to the plasma membrane protein adenylate cyclase. Activated adenylate cyclase increases the formation of the second messenger, cAMP from ATP

29
Q

Protein Kinase

A

The cAMP then activates this, a protein that phosphorylates other molecules

30
Q

Intracellular Enzyme Cascade

A

The binding of the hormone results in specific “information” being passed in a signal conduction pathway. The cascade includes G protein, transmembrane enzyme (adenylate cyclase or phospholipase C), second messenger, and protein kinase enzymes. The activated protein kinase enzymes may either stimulate or inhibit enzymatic pathways within the cell, alter cell permeability to an ion, or both.

31
Q

Up-regulation

A

Cells may increase their number of receptors, thereby increasing cell sensitivity to a hormone

32
Q

Down-regulation

A

Cells may decrease their number of receptors and reduce sensitivity to a hormone

33
Q

Synergistic

A

The activity of one hormone reinforces the activity of another hormone

34
Q

Permissive

A

The activity of one hormone requires a second hormone

35
Q

Antagonistic

A

The effects of one hormone opposes the effects of another hormone

36
Q

Hypophysis

A

Pituitary gland

37
Q

Infundibulum

A

Anatomical pathway that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

38
Q

Oxytocin (OT)

A

Stimulates the contraction of smooth muscle of both the uterus during delivery and the breast to cause ejection of milk; also interacts with the brain to increase feelings of emotional bonding between individuals

39
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

Also called vasopressin; stimulates both the kidneys to decrease urine output, the thirst center to increase fluid intake, and in high doses it causes vasoconstriction

40
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone (TRH)

A

Stimulates the anterior pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone

41
Q

Prolactin-releasing Hormone (PRH)

A

Controls the release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary gland

42
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH)

A

A&P II (5 decks)

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