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A&P II > Blood Definitions > Flashcards

Blood Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Composed of the heart and blood vessels

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2
Q

Arteries

A

Transport blood away from the heart

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3
Q

Veins

A

Transport blood towards the heart

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4
Q

Capillaries

A

Permeable, microscopic vessels between arteries and veins; serves as the sites of exchange between the blood and body tissues; this is where oxygen and nutrients exit the blood, and carbon dioxide and cellular waste enter the blood

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5
Q

Blood

A

Composed of formed elements and plasma

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6
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Mature red blood cells; lacks a nucleus and cellular organelles - helps them carry respiratory gases more efficiently; has a unique biconcave disc structure which is flexible - helps them to stack and line up in single file as they pass through capillaries; it is composed of hemoglobin molecules

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7
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells; contribute to defending the body against pathogens; contain a nucleus and organelles and do not contain hemoglobin; motile and remarkably flexible; most are found in tissues as oppose to blood

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8
Q

Platelets

A

Irregularly shaped cell fragments that participate in blood clotting; when stained exhibit a dark central region; called thrombocytes; produced by megakaryocytes

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9
Q

Plasma

A

Fluid portion of the blood containing plasma proteins and dissolved solutes

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10
Q

Centrifuge

A

A device that spins the sample of blood in a tube so that heavier components collect at the bottom

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11
Q

Hematocrit

A

Percentage of whole blood attributed to erythrocytes

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12
Q

Colloid Osmotic Pressure

A

Exerted by plasma proteins that is responsible for drawing fluids into the blood and preventing excess fluid loss from blood capillaries into the interstitial fluid, thus helping to maintain blood volume and consequently blood pressure

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13
Q

Albumins

A

Smallest and most abundant of plasma proteins
(approximately 58%); exerts the greatest colloid pressure to maintain blood volume and blood pressure; secondarily - it acts as transport proteins that carry ions, hormones, and some lipids in the blood

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14
Q

Globulins

A

Second largest group of plasma proteins (approximately 37%); 3 different types

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15
Q

Alpha-globulins

A

Along with beta-globulins, these primarily bind and transport certain water-insoluble molecules and hormones, some metals, and ions

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16
Q

Beta-globulins

A

Along with alpha-globulins, these primarily bind and transport certain water-insoluble molecules and hormones, some metals, and ions

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17
Q

Gamma-globulins

A

Also called immunoglobulins, or antibodies, play a part in the body’s defenses

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18
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Makes up about 4% of all plasma proteins; works with other clotting proteins that are responsible for blot clot formation

Following trama, this is converted into fibrin, which help the blood clot

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19
Q

Serum

A

The fluid remaining when clotting proteins are removed from plasma

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20
Q

Regulatory proteins

A

Form a very minor class of plasma proteins; this group includes both enzymes to accelerate chemical reactions in the blood and hormones being transported throughout the body to target cells

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21
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

Also called hematopoiesis; formation and development of blood cells

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22
Q

Hemocytoblasts

A

Hemopoietic stem cells; immature cells that produce all types of formed elements in the blood

Considered pluripotent cells - meaning they can differentiate and develop into many different kinds of cells

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23
Q

Myeloid Line

A

Forms erythrocytes, all leukocytes (except lymphocytes), and megokaryocytes

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24
Q

Lymphoid Line

A

Forms only lymphocytes

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25
Q

Colony-stimulating Factors (CSFs)

A

Also called colony-forming units (CFUs); growth factor molecules that influence the maturation and division of hemopoietic stem cells; erythropoietin is an exception because it is a hormone

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26
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Formation of erythrocytes

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27
Q

Reticulocyte

A

Immature erythrocyte

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28
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

Formation of leukocytes

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29
Q

Thrombopoiesis

A

Formation of blood platelets

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30
Q

Proplatelests

A

Megakaryocytes produce long extensions from themselves that extend through the blood vessel wall (between endothelial cells) in the red bone marrow, the force from the blood flow “slices” these proplatelets into the fragments known as platelets

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31
Q

Hemoglobin

A

A red-pigmented protein that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide; responsible for the characteristic bright red color of arterial blood

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32
Q

Oxygenated

A

When blood is maximally loaded with oxygen
(appears bright red)

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33
Q

Deoxygenated

A

When some oxygen is lost and carbon dioxide is gained during systemic cellular gas exchange (appears dark red)

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34
Q

Blood Doping

A

An illegal procedure, usually done by athletes; two ways

An athelete donates erythrocytes to himself or herself, prior to the competition, blood is removed and stored. As kidneys detect the decreased blood oxygen, the hormone erythropoietin (EPO) is released and the bone marrow responds by increasing production of erythrocytes - this causes the body to make up for the erythrocytes just removed. A few days before the competition, the erythrocytes are donated back into the body. The increased number of erythrocytes increases the amount of oxygen transported in the blood and is thought to favorably affect muscle performance, thereby improving athletic performance.

The second way has occurred with the pharmaceutical development of EPO, which is used to treat anemia. In this method, the athlete is injected with pharmaceutical EPO to further increase erythrocytes

Risks: increased number of erythrocytes increases the viscosity of the blood (makes it thicker), which causes the heart to work harder to pump this viscous blood; leads to permanent cardiovascular damage

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35
Q

Globins

A

Four protein molecules that make up each hemoglobin molecule; two alpha chains and two beta chains each contain a heme group

36
Q

Heme

A

Portion of a hemoglobin molecule that transports oxygen; composed of porphyrin (organic compound) ring, with an iron ion (Fe2+) in its center - oxygen binds to Fe2+ in the heme groups for transport in the blood

37
Q

Transferrin

A

Globulin protein that removes the iron component in hemoglobin and transports it to the liver or spleen

38
Q

Ferritin

A

A large water-soluble protein that serves as the primary storage mechanism for iron

39
Q

Hemosiderin

A

Iron storage protein

40
Q

Biliverdin

A

Heme group (minus the Fe2+) released from hemoglobin and then converted by macrophages first into a green pigment

41
Q

Bilirubin

A

A component of digestive secretion called bile; biliverdin converted into a yellowish pigment, then transported to the liver

42
Q

Urobilinogen

A

Bilirubin converted in the small intestine

43
Q

Stercoblin

A

Urobilinogen converted by intestinal bacteria in the large intestine - a brown pigment that is expelled from the body as a component of feces

44
Q

Urobilin

A

A yellow pigment that is excreted by the kidneys that absorbs urobilinogen back into the blood

45
Q

Anemia

A

Any condition in which either the percentage of erythrocytes is lower than normal or the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced; in either case, there is a decreased oxygen delivery to the body tissues - and consequently, the heart must work harder to supply oxygen to the body; often a symptom of another diease or problem

Symptoms: lethargy, shortness of breath, pallor of skin and mucous membranes, fatigue, and heart palpitations

46
Q

Aplastic Anemia

A

Characterized by significantly decreased formation of both erythrocytes and hemoglobin; results from defective bone marrow - perhaps as a result of poisons, toxins, or radiation exposure

47
Q

Congenital Hemolytic Anemia

A

Occurs when the destruction of erythrocytes is more rapid than normal; usually due to a genetic defect, which results in the production of abnormal membrane proteins that make the erythrocyte plasma membrane very fragile

48
Q

Erythroblastic Anemia

A

Characterized by the presence of large numbers of immature, nucleated cells (erythroblasts and normoblasts) in the circulating blood; an accelerated pace of cell maturation causes immature cells to be present in the blood, these cells cannot function normally and thus anemia results

49
Q

Hemorrhagic Anemia

A

Results from heavy blood loss; may be caused by chronic ulcers and heavy or prolonged menstrual flow

50
Q

Macrocyclic Anemia

A

Occurs when the average size of circulating erythrocytes are too large; deficiencies in both vitamin B12 and folic acid presence or uptake cause the production of enlarge erythrocytes

51
Q

Pernicious Anemia

A

A chronic progressive anemia of adults caused by failure of the body to absorb vitamin B12; most individuals receive enough B12 in their diet unless they are vegans or strict vegetarians

A defect in the production of intrinsic factor, a glycoprotein secreted by stomach lining cells to protect B12 in the stomach and enhance B12 absorption in the small intestine, leads to this

52
Q

Sickle-cell Disease

A

An autosomal recessive anemia that occurs when a person inherits two copies of this gene; erythrocytes become sickle-shaped at lower blood oxygen concentrations, making them unable to flow efficiently through the blood vessels to body tissues and more prone to destruction (hemolysis)

53
Q

Polycythemia

A

The condition of having a normal blood volume but a higher percentage of erythrocytes in the blood; blood becomes thick and viscous, putting a tremendous strain on the heart

54
Q

Hypoxia

A

Inadequate oxygen supply to tissues due to decreased red blood cell count, decreased availability of oxygen to the blood, or increased tissue demands for oxygen

55
Q

Surface Antigens

A

Also called aggultinogens; numerous molecules that project from the surface of erythrocytes that have significant implications for blood transfusions, and in some cases, pregnancy

56
Q

Antibodies

A

Also called aggultinins; Y-shaped proteins that bind to specific antigens that are perceived as foreign to the body

57
Q

Agglutination

A

Process by which cells clump due to cross-linking by antibodies

58
Q

Hemolysis

A

The process of rupture and destruction of erythrocytes

59
Q

Hemolytic Diease of the Newborn (HDN)

A

Also called erythroblastosis fetalis; illness that occurs in newborns, typically presents anemia and hyperbilirubinemia (increased bilirubin in the blood) due to erythrocyte destruction.

The potential presence of anti-D antibodies (Rh antibodies) is especially important in pregnant women who are Rh negative and have a Rh positive fetus. As a result of exposure, the mother has anti-D antibodies that may cross the placenta and destroy fetal erythrocytes, resulting in severe illness or death.

60
Q

Diapedesis

A

Passage of blood or its formed elements through the intact blood vessel wall

61
Q

Chemotaxis

A

A process in which leukocytes are attracted to a site of infection by the presence of molecules released by damaged cells, dead cells, or invading pathogens

62
Q

Granulocytes

A

Have specific granules in their cytosol that are clearly visible when viewed under a microscope; 3 types - neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils

63
Q

Neutrophils

A

Most numerous leukocyte in the blood (50%-70%); named for its neutral or pale-colored granules within a light lilac-colored cytosol; exhibit a multilobed nucleus, for this reason are also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN)

64
Q

Eosinophils

A

Have reddish or pink-orange granules in their cytosol; make up 1%-4% of total number of leukocytes; bilobed nucleus; phagocytize numerous antigen-antibody complexes or allergens and parasitic worms

65
Q

Basophils

A

Least numerous leukocyte (0.5%-1%); bilobed nucleus and abundant deep blue-violet granules in their cytosol, primary components are histamine and heparin (inflammation response)

66
Q

Anticoagulation

A

A process in which basophils release heparin and inhibits blood clotting

67
Q

Agranulocytosis

A

Leukocytes that do not have visible granules when viewed under a microscope; 2 types - monocytes and lymphocytes

68
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Reside in lymphatic organs and structures; 20%-40% of total number of leukocytes; their dark staining nucleus is typically round and exhibit only a thin rim of blue-gray cytosol around the nucleus; 3 categories - T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and natural killer cells

69
Q

T-lymphocytes

A

Manage and direct an immune response; some directly attack foreign cells and virus-infected cells

70
Q

B-lymphocytes

A

Stimulated to become plasma cells and produce antibodies

71
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

Attack abnormal and infected tissue cells

72
Q

Monocyte

A

Constitute 2%-8% of all leukocytes; nucleus is kidney-shaped or C-shaped; after approximately 3 days in circulation, they exit the blood vessels and take up residence within tissues, where they differentiate into macrophages

73
Q

Leukopenia

A

A serious disorder caused by a reduced number of leukocytes

74
Q

Leukocytes is

A

Results from a slightly elevated leukocyte count and may be caused by a variety of factors, such as a recent infection or stress

75
Q

Differential Count

A

Measures the amount of each type of leukocyte in the blood, and determines whether any of the circulating leukocytes are immature

76
Q

Neutrophil is

A

Acute bacterial infections, acute stress, and tissue necrosis are typically associated with an increase in neutrophils

77
Q

Left-shifted Differential

A

Increased presence of immature neutrophils

78
Q

Neutropenia

A

A decreased neutrophil count that may occur with certain anemias, drug or radiation therapy, and from other causes

79
Q

Leukemia

A

A malignancy (cancer) in the leukocyte-forming cells; marked by abnormal development and proliferation of leukocytes, both in the bone marrow and circulating blood; represents a malignant transformation of a leukocyte cell line, and as abnormal leukocytes increase in number, the erythrocytic and megakaryocytic lines typically decrease in numbers because the proliferating malignant cells take over the marrow and leave no room for normal cells - this decrease results in anemia and bleeding

80
Q

Acute Leukemia

A

Progresses rapidly and death typically occurs within a few months after onset of symptoms (severe anemia, hemorrhages, and recurrent infections); tend to occur in children and young adults

81
Q

Chronic Leukemia

A

Progresses more slowly, survival usually exceeds 1 year from onset of symptoms (anemia and a tendency to bleed)

82
Q

Hemostasis

A

Process of stopping bleeding; steps include vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation

83
Q

Vascular Spasm

A

First phase of hemostasis; the blood vessel constricts suddenly and, in so doing, limits the amount of blood that can leak from this damaged vessel; this continues during the next phase and usually lasts a few to many minutes

84
Q

Platelet Plug Formation

A

The second phase of hemostasis; collagen fibers within the connective tissue beneath the endothelial cells become exposed, platelets begin to stick to the collagen fibers with the assistance of a plasma protein called von Willebrand factor that serves as a bridge between the platelets and the collagen fibers; these platelets undergo a morphologic change and become activated - their cytosol degranulates, releasing chemicals to assist with hemostasis

85
Q

Coagulation Phase

A

A blood clot has an insoluble protein network composed of fibrin; this mesh work of proteins trap other elements of the blood to form the clot

86
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

A deficiency in platelet count

87
Q

Prostacyclins

A

An eicosanoid that coats the endothelial wall (inner lining of a blood vessel); activates a pathway in both platelets and endothelial cells that involves production of cAMP to ultimately inhibit platelet activation - serves as a platelet repellent

A&P II (5 decks)

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