Endocrine

Question 1

What are the 4 main processes controlled by hormones?

Answer 1

• Digestion, storage of nutrients and their metabolism
• Salt and water balance
• Growth and development
• Reproductive function

Question 2

What 3 things control hormone release?

Answer 2

• Plasma concentration of ions or nutrients
• Neurotransmitters
• Another hormone

Question 3

What is the mechanism of the action of a water soluble hormone

Answer 3

1. Hormone diffuses out of the blood and attaches to the receptor on the cell membranes surface, and forms an activated hormone-receptor complex
2. This activates a G-protein which in turns activates Adenylyl Cyclase that causes ATP to become cAMP
3. This activates protein kinases to phosphorylate one or more cellular proteins
4. This then creates a physiological response (specific to the protein/ type of hormone)
5. Phophodiesterase inactivates cAMP to end the hormonal response

Question 4

What is the mechanism of action of a lipid soluble hormone?

Answer 4

1. The lipid soluble hormone diffuses in to the target cell (detaching itself from the carrier protein)
2. The hormone binds onto a receptor inside the cell creating an activated hormone-receptor complex.
3. This now can alter gene expression of cellular DNA, by turning genes on or off.
4. During DNA transcription new mRNA is created, which then leaves the nucleus and enters the cytosol.
5. The new mRNA undergoes protein synthesis on one of the ribosomes forming a new protein.
6. This new protein alters the activity of the cell causing a physiological response typical to that protein/ hormone that was first used.

Question 5

What are the 3 types of hormone?

Answer 5

• Polypeptides (e.g. insulin, glucagon) Fast breakdown - receptors on plasma membrane
• Amino acid derivatives (e.g. adrenaline, melatonin)
• Steroids (e.g. testosterone, cortisol) Slow breakdown - intracellular receptors

Question 6

Name 4 pancreatic hormones

Answer 6

• Insulin
• Glucagon
• Somatostatin
• Pancreatic Polypeptide

Question 7

Name some Adrenal Cortex hormones?

Answer 7

• Aldosterone
• Cortisol
• Androgens

Question 8

Name the Adrenal Medulla hormones

Answer 8

• Epinephrine

- Norepinephrine

Question 9

Where is Calcitonin released from?

And what other hormones are released from there?

Answer 9

Thyroid gland

• Thyroxine (T4)
• Triiodothyronine (T3)

Question 10

What hormones are released from the hypothalamus?

And what is their primary target?

Answer 10

Tropic hormones

- Anterior pituitary

Question 11

Where is melatonin released from?

Answer 11

Pineal Gland

Question 12

How are peptide hormones released?

Answer 12

Via exyocytosis

Question 13

How are peptide hormones stored and synthesised?

Answer 13

Made in advance and stored in secretory vesicles

Question 14

What is an example of a steroid hormone?

Answer 14

Estrogen
Androgens
Cortisol

Question 15

What type of hormones are water-soluble?

Answer 15

Amine, protein, peptide and eicosanoid hormones

Question 16

What type of hormones are lipid-soluble?

Answer 16

Steroid and thyroid hormones

Question 17

What is a C-peptide?

When is it released?

Answer 17

Connecting part of insulin when it was proinsulin.

Released when insulin is release is activated

Question 18

What hormones do each cells of the pancreatic islets produce? (Alplha, Beta, Delta and F cells)

Answer 18

Alpha - Glucagon
Beta - Insulin
Delta - Somatostatin
F - Pancreatic Polypeptide

Question 19

What is glycogenolysis?

Answer 19

Conversion of glycogen to glucose

Question 20

What is gluconeogenesis?

Answer 20

The formation of glucose from lactic acid and certain amino acids

Question 21

What is glycogenisis?

Answer 21

Conversion of glucose and glycogen