endocrine

Question 1

labs for confirmation of DM type 1

Answer 1

Measuring antibodies to GAD65 and IA-2 are recommended

Question 2

adjust insulin: Fasting hyperglycemia

Answer 2

Not enough basal insulin

Question 3

adjust insulin: Prelunch hyperglycemia

Answer 3

Not enough rapid-acting insulin at breakfast or not enough morning NPH insulin

Question 4

adjust insulin: Predinner hyperglycemia

Answer 4

Not enough rapid-acting insulin at lunch or not enough morning NPH insulin

Question 5

adjust insulin: Bedtime hyperglycemia

Answer 5

Not enough rapid-acting insulin at dinner

Question 6

adjust insulin: Fasting or nocturnal hypoglycemia

Answer 6

Too much basal insulin

Question 7

adjust insulin: Prelunch hypoglycemia

Answer 7

Too much rapid-acting insulin at breakfast or too much morning NPH insulin

Question 8

adjust insulin: Predinner or bedtime hypoglycemia

Answer 8

Too much rapid-acting insulin at lunch or dinner or too much morning NPH

Question 9

what is hypoglycemia unawareness and how to fix

Answer 9

presence of severely low plasma glucose levels that occur without warning symptoms followed by sudden loss of consciousnes.

Lowering the insulin dose and allowing the average plasma glucose level to increase for several weeks restores
sensitivity to hypoglycemia.

Question 10

how to diagnose type 2 dm

Answer 10

Fasting Glucose >125
Random Glucose >200 w/ symptoms
2 hours OGTT >200
A1C 6.5%

Question 11

conditions where a1c is falsely low

Answer 11

hemolytic anemia, patients taking erythropoietin, or patients
with kidney injury.