Endocrine Flashcards
Fill in the gaps:
Blood glucose level is high. ____ cells in the pancreas are stimulated to release ___ into the blood.
Blood glucose level is high. Beta cells in the pancreas are stimulated to release insulin into the blood.
Fill in the gaps:
____ acts on the liver causing it to take up glucose. The liver converts the glucose into _____.
Insulin acts on the liver causing it to take up glucose. The liver converts the glucose into glycogen.
Fill in the gaps:
The hormone ____ acts on body cells causing them to take up glucose.
The hormone insulin acts on body cells causing them to take up glucose.
Fill in the gaps:
Blood glucose level is low. ____ cells in the pancreas are stimulated to release ____into the blood.
Blood glucose level is low. Alpha cells in the pancreas are stimulated to release glucagon into the blood.
Fill in the gaps:
The hormone ____ acts on the liver causing it to break down glycogen into _____.
The hormone glucagon acts on the liver causing it to break down glycogen into glucose.
What mg% is hyperglycemic?
> 120mg%
What mg% is hypoglycemic?
<80mg%
How are steroids made?
Where do they bind to a cell?
Made from cholesterol in humans
Pass through lipid bilayer to bind to receptors within the cell or within the nucleus.
What is a ligand?
A signal molecule
What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary gland?
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinising hormone (LH) The above are tropic hormones
Prolactin (PRL)
Growth hormone (GH)
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
Define tropic hormone
Stimulate other glands to release a second hormone
Fill in the gaps:
Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detects _____ blood osmolarity (need more water).
Hypothalamus releases ADH into _______ pituitary gland.
ADH diffuses to _____ and binds to receptors in ____ cells in ______.
Results in ______ of protein ______, so permeability of water increases and more water enters the blood.
Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detects high blood osmolarity (need more water).
Hypothalamus releases ADH into posterior pituitary gland.
ADH diffuses to kidney and binds to receptors in DCT cells in loop of Henle.
Results in increase of protein aquaporin 2, so permeability of water increases and more water enters the blood.
Functions of oxytocin
Stimulates uterine contractions during birth
Stimulates milk ejection in response to suckling
In the brain, reinforces pair bonding, maternal care
Stimulates prostate fluid release and contraction of uterus and vagina during sex. Peaks during male and female orgasm.
Fill in the gaps:
Neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus have ____ which innovate the stalk.
_____ and ______ neurosecretory cells produce oxytocin and ADH in their cell body.
These hormones pass down the axons into the ____ pituitary glands where they diffuse into the capillary bed and into the circulation.
Neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus have axons which innovate the stalk.
Supraoptic and paraventricular neurosecretory cells produce oxytocin and ADH in their cell body.
These hormones pass down the axons into the posterior pituitary glands where they diffuse into the capillary bed and into the circulation.
Define acromegaly
What causes it?
Bones of hands, feet and face thicken and expand.
Excess growth hormone (GH) after puberty
Tumour may cause excess GH production
