endocrine 1 Flashcards
what are hormones?
chemical messengers made by glands
what controls the hormone levels?
negative feedback
when hormones act on target cells and cause damage these changes feedback to stop releasing
Endocrine disorders can be categorized into 3 types?
- secretory deficiency:
- failure of organ
- low cortisol levels= regulate stress/metabolism - Receptor failure:
-T cells cant respond
- like Type 2 - Secretory excess:
- too much hormones
- caused by benign/cancer
in the hypothalamus what do nerve cells release and explain its process
releasing hormones that go to capillaries and into portal circulation to the pituitary gland and releasing hormones like LH,FSH,GH,TSH
in liver GH release 2 hormones IGF-1 and IGF-2, what do these both do?
protein synthesis= from amino acid
insulin antagonist= makes it hard for cells to take in glucose= hypergycemia
points on GH secretion pulsatile
- means GH is released in sections
- has anabolic effects like growing of long bones before puberty and muscle growth through protein synthesis
what can GH disorders lead to kids/adults?
too much in kids= grow to big
too little in kids= dwarfism
too much in adults= acromegaly - big hands/feet
too little in adults= lean body mass loss
name of disease when theres too much ACTH?
Cushings disease= caused by ACTH secreting adenoma
- result sin high levels of ACTH and cortisol and NFB not working
in adrenal insufficiency what are the main 2 types:
- primary= adrenal glands damaged so less cortisol,and pituitary gland releases more ACTH to make cortisol, but since glands are damaged cortisol is low
- secondary= problem with the pituitary gland =low ACTH=adrenal gland get less stimulation to make cortisol
what hormone is increased during pregnancy?
Prolactin = PRL
- starts the milk process
- controlled by dopamine
- when theres too much due to adenoma of PRL secreting cell or any tumor blocking dopamine it causes infertility, loss of period,milk discharge (involuntary)