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Endochrine System Flashcards

0
Q

What are the major functions controlled by hormones?

A

Reproduction. Growth and development. Body defense. Metabolism and energy. Maintaining homeostasis.

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1
Q

Major function of the endocrine system?

A

To coordinate and direct cell activities through the action of horomones

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2
Q

What are the three chemical classes of hormones?

A

Amino acid based. Steroid based. Prostaglandins.

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3
Q

What are amino acid based hormones?

A

Proteins. Peptides. Amines.

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4
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A

Made from cholesterol. Includes sex hormones and hormones of from the adrenal gland

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5
Q

What are prostaglandins?

A

Localized hormones. Made from lipids in the cell’s plasma membrane.

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6
Q

What is it called when hormones only affect certain cells or organs?

A

Hormone action

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7
Q

What must a hormone do in order to work?

A

Attach to the protein receptors of the target cell or target organ

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8
Q

3 categories of stimuli that activate hormone glands

A

Humoral stimuli. Hormonal stimuli. Neural stimuli.

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9
Q

Hormonal stimuli

A

When an endocrine gland is stimulated by a hormone released from another endocrine gland (ex. Thyroid stimulating hormone)

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10
Q

Humoral stimuli

A

When an endocrine gland is stimulated by changing levels of ions and nutrients in the blood (ex. When blood calcium levels change)

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11
Q

Neural stimuli

A

When the endocrine gland is stimulated by nerve fibers. (Ex. Sympathetic system.)

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12
Q

Exochrine?

A

Release secretions into ducts

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13
Q

Endochrine

A

Ductless glands-release secretions directly into the blood

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14
Q

Pituitary gland

A

A small gland located in the brain very near the hypothalamus. It is divided into two lobes: anterior and posterior. It is called the master gland because it controls the activities of other glands

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15
Q

Hormones of the anterior pituitary?

A

Growth hormone. Prolactin. Adrenocorticotropic hormone. Thyroid stimulating hormone. Follicle stimulating hormone. Leutenizing hormone.

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16
Q

Growth hormone

A

Anterior pituitary. Controls growth of long bones and muscle

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17
Q

Prolactin.

A

Anterior pituitary. Stimulates and maintains milk production in a mothers breasts after childbirth.

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18
Q

Adrenocorticotropoc hormone

A

Anterior pituitary. Stimulates the activity of the adrenal gland.

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19
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

Anterior pituitary. Stimulates the activity of the thyroid gland

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20
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone

A

Anterior pituitary. Controls production of eggs in females and sperm in males

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21
Q

Leutenizing hormone.

A

Anterior pituitary. Stimulates ovulation in females and production of estrogen and progesterone. In males it is called the “interstitial sell stimulating hormone” which controls the secretion of testosterone

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22
Q

Hormones of the anterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin. Antidiuretic hormone

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23
Q

Oxytocin

A

Posterior pituitary. Stimulates uterin contractions during childbirth and initiates the milk letdown reflex. (Ptosin- synthetic oxytocin)

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24
Q

Anti diuretic hormone.

A

Posterior pituitary. Promotes wayer retention by the kidneys. Also called VASOPRESSIN

25
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Located at the base of the throat. Divided into two lobes joined by a central mass called and isthmus.

26
Q

Hormones of the thyroid

A

Thyroxine (t4) + triiodothryronine (t3). Calcitonin.

27
Q

Thyroxine (t4) + triiodothyronine

A

Thyroid gland. Iodine containing hormones which stimulate metabolism by controlling the rate at which glucose is oxidized and converted into energy

28
Q

Calcitonin

A

Thyroid gland. Decreases blood calcium levels by depositing excess into the bones

29
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

Tiny glands located posterior to the thyroid gland

30
Q

Hormones of the parathyroid gland

A

Parathyroid or parahormone.

31
Q

Parathyroid hormone or parahormone

A

Parathyroid. Increases calcium levels. Works in conjunction with calcitonin to maintain blood calcium homeostasis

32
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Located on top of each kidney

33
Q

Hormones of the adrenal gland

A

Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone). Glucocorticoids. Sex hormones. Adrenaline + noradrenaline (epinephrine and norepinephrine) (chatecholomines)

34
Q

Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)

A

Adrenal gland. Regulate the mineral content of the blood by controlling sodium and potassium

35
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Adrenal gland. Helps to control normal metabolism and responds to long term stressors by increasing blood glucose levels. Also has an anti inflammatory property

36
Q

Sex hormones

A

Adrenal gland. Very small amounts of both male and female sex hormones are released from the adrenal gland

37
Q

What are the corticosteroids?

A

Released by the adrenal gland. Includes Mineralcorticoids and Glucocorticoids and Sex hormones.

38
Q

Adrenaline and noradrenaline (epinephrine and norepinephrine) (chatecholomates)

A

Adrenal gland. Fight or flight hormone. Assists the body in times of stress. Heart rate increases, blood pressure elevates, blood glucose increases.

39
Q

Pancreas (islets of langerhans)

A

Located in the abdominal cavity very near the stomach. The pancreas is called a mixed gland- it has and endocrine and exocrine function

40
Q

Hormone of the pancreas

A

Insulin. Glycogen.

41
Q

Insulin.

A

Pancreas. Lowers blood sugar levels. Moves excessive glucose in the blood into cells to be oxidized

42
Q

Glucagen.

A

Pancreas. Raised blood sugar levels. Converts glycogen stored in the liver to glucose and then releases it into the blood

43
Q

Pineal gland

A

A small cone shaped gland located in the brain

44
Q

Hormones of the pineal gland

A

Melatonin.

45
Q

Melatonin.

A

Pineal gland. Controlls biological cycles such as the wake sleep cycle. Peaks at night. Lowest at noon.

46
Q

Thymus gland

A

Located in chest cavity directly posterior o the sternum

47
Q

Hormones of the thymus gland

A

Thymosin.

48
Q

Thymosin

A

Thymus gland. Functions in immunity. Aids in the maturation of certain white blood cells (lymphocytes)

49
Q

Gonads consist of two glands. What are they

A

Testes and ovaries.

50
Q

Ovaries

A

Two almond shaped glands in a females pelvic cavity

51
Q

Hormones of the ovaries

A

Estrogen and progesterone

52
Q

Estrogen

A

Ovaries. Controls the development of secondary sex characertistics. Prepares the uterus to receive the fertilized egg. Controls the menstrual cycle.

53
Q

Progesterone

A

Ovaries. Works with estrogen to control the menstrual cycle. During pregnancy it quiets the uterine muscles

54
Q

Testes

A

Small oval shaped glands located in a sac called the scrotum outside a males pelvic cavity.

55
Q

Hormones of the testes

A

Testosterone

56
Q

Testosterone

A

Testes. Controls the development of secondary sex characteristics. Controls the male sex drive. Controls the production of sperm.

57
Q

Placenta

A

A temporary gland formed i. The uterus of pregnant women

58
Q

Hormones of the placenta

A

Chorionic gonadotropin. Estrogen and progesterone.

59
Q

Chorionic gonadotropin.

A

Placenta. Produced to stop the menstrual cycle. Detected in urine on pregnancy tests.

60
Q

Estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy

A

Placenta. By the third month of prenatal development the placenta takes over these hormones from the ovaries

61
Q

Menopause

A

“Change of life” during late-middle life, the females reproductive system begins to atrophy and the ability to bear children ceases

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