Endo tables

Question 1

What is the criteria for the diagnosis of polycystic ovarian syndrome

Answer 1

Rotterdam criteria:
requires 2/3
oligo- or anovnulation
clinical or biochemical signs of hyperandrogegism
polycystic ovaries and exclusion of other etiologies

Question 2

Name 4 classes of drugs that can cause hyperprolactinemia or galactorrhea

Answer 2

1. antipsychotics and antidepressants (haldol, risperidone)
2. drugs used to treat GI disorders (cimetidine, metoclopramide)
3. antihypertensive agents (verapamil)
4. opiates (codeine, morphine)

Question 3

Name 5 causes of polydipsia

Answer 3

Diabetes mellitus
Bartter syndrome
Diabetes insipidus (craniopharyngioma, pituitary adenoma, langerhans, head trauma, sarcoidosis)
Cystinosis
Drugs- diuretics, lithium
Renal Causes- renal tubular acidosis, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, sickle cell disease,
Primary polydipsia

Question 4

What are the 3 most common causes of polydipsia?

Answer 4

diabetes mellitis
diabetes insipidus (ADH deficient)
sickle cell anemia

Question 5

What are 4 life threatening causes of polydipsia

Answer 5

Diabetes insipidus (ADH deficient)
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Diabetes mellitus
Primary polydipsia

Question 6

What are the life threatening complications of DKA?

Answer 6

Cerebral edema
Cardiovascular collapse
Profound metabolic acidosis
Hypokalemia
Hyperkalemia
Hypophosphatemia

Question 7

what are the risk factors for cerebral edema in DKA

Answer 7

Elevated blood urea nitrogen
low pCO2
bicarbonate use
age <3
New DKA
failure of measured sodium to rise steadily with treatment of hyperglycemia

Question 8

Causes of childhood hypoglycemia

Answer 8

Decreased availability of glucose:
fasting, malnutrition, illness

increased use of glucose:
hyperinsulinism (insulin, oral glycemic agents, islet cell adenoma)
Wilm’s tutor

decreased availability of alternative fuels:
fatty acid oxidation disorder

Unknown:
sepsis
reye syndrome
ethanol ingestion
salicylate ingestion
hypothyroidism
hypopituitarism

Question 9

Common causes of acute adrenal insufficiency in children

Answer 9

x linked adrenoleukodystrophy
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
autoimmunity
meningococcal septicemia
tuberculosis
adrenal hemorrhage

glucocorticoid administration
congenital hypopituitarism
pituitary tumor
hypothalamic tumor
septa-optic dysplasia

Question 10

Causes of ADH deficiency

Answer 10

head injury
meningitis
idiopathic
suprasellar tumor
septa-optic dysplasia
familial
histiocytosis
Wolfram syndrome

Question 11

Causes of SIADH

Answer 11

Infection (meningitis, encephalitis)
trauma
brain tumor
intraventricular hemorrhage
guillan barre syndrome

infection (TB, pneumonia, empyema)
positive pressure ventilation
asthma
cystic fibrosis
pneumonia

severe hypothyroidism

drugs- vincristine, cyclophosphamide, carbamazepine, morphine