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Adv Pharm 1 > Endo (pt 1/7) Basic Overview of Anatomy & Hormones > Flashcards

Endo (pt 1/7) Basic Overview of Anatomy & Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

-Uses electrical impulses to send messages
-Quick onset
-Localized effect
-Organs: Brain, spinal cord, and nerves

A

Nervous System

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2
Q

-Uses hormones as messengers
-Slow onset
-Broad Effect
-Organs: glands

A

Endocrine System

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3
Q

What are the 6 glands that make up the Endocrine System?

A

Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenals, Pancreas, and Sex Glands (ovaries & testes)

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4
Q

Do Endocrine glands have ducts?

A

No; ductless glands of internal secretion

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5
Q

Where do Endocrine glands release their secretions?

A

Directly into the blood.

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6
Q

What are the 3 broad functions of the Endocrine System?

A

1) Metabolic functions in the body
2) Transfer of substances through cell membranes
3) Hormones concerned with cellular metabolism

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7
Q

What are the 3 different subcategories of Hormones?

A

1) Peptides (protein hormones)
2) Amines (Amino-Acid Derivatives)
3) Steroids

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8
Q

-Hormones synthesized in endocrine cells
-Are processed by the cell
-Stored in secretory granules within the endocrine gland

A

Peptides (Protein Hormones)

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9
Q

What are examples of Peptides (Protein Hormones)?

A

Insulin
Growth Hormone
Vasopressin
Angiotensin
Prolactin
Erythropoietin
Calcitonin
Somatostatin
ACTH
Oxytocin
Glucagon
Parathyroid Hormone

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10
Q

Derived from the Amino Acid Tyrosine.

A

Amines (amino acid derivatives)

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11
Q

Thyroid Hormones
Catecholamine Hormones

A

Amines (amino acid derivatives)

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12
Q

An Amine; synthesized from the naturally occurring amino acid, Tryptophan

A

Serotonin

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13
Q

Hormones derived from cholesterol, that require specific pathways and enzymes.
-Not stored in vesicles
-Synthesized and released on demand

A

Steroids

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14
Q

What are examples of Steroid Hormones?

A

Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Androgens
Estrogens & Progestins

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15
Q

What are the 3 different types of Hormonal Signaling?

A

Endocrine, Paracrine, and Autocrine

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16
Q

The transmission of a hormonal signal through the bloodstream to a distant target cell.

A

Endocrine Signaling

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17
Q

The Pituitary Gland uses what kind of signaling?

A

Endocrine

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18
Q

A hormone signal acting on a neighboring cell of a different type.

A

Paracrine Signaling

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19
Q

A secreted hormone acts on the producer cell itself, or on neighboring, identical cells

A

Autocrine Signaling

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20
Q

What kinds of signals can excite or inhibit the Hypothalamus?

A

Pain, depressing or exciting thought, olfactory sensations, electrolytes, water, and other hormones.

21
Q

Which part of the Pituitary is an outgrowth of the Hypothalamus?

A

Posterior Pituitary

22
Q

What kind of tissue is found in the Posterior Pituitary?

A

Glial Type cells

23
Q

The ____ Pituitary is continuous with the Hypothalamus via the __________.

A

Posterior; Hypophyseal Stalk

24
Q

Communication between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary is via?

A

Nervous signals

25
Q

Embryologically, how did the Anterior Pituitary originate?

A

From an invagination of the pharyngeal epithelium. Its cells are epithelial

26
Q

How does the Hypothalamus communicate with the Anterior Pituitary?

A

Via hormones released from the Hypothalamus, that travel to the Anterior Pituitary via hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal vessels.

27
Q

What is the major source of blood flow to the Anterior Pituitary?

A

Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal Portal Vessels
-Venous plexus
-Little to no arterial supply

28
Q

Adenohypophysis is?

A

Anterior Pituitary

29
Q

Neurohypophysis is?

A

Posterior Pituitary

30
Q

Where is the Pituitary Gland located?

A

In the midbrain, sitting in the hypophyseal fossa in the sella turcica of the Sphenoid bone.

Fixed space = NO GROWTH POTENTIAL for tumors without compression of tissues

31
Q

What are the 3 parts of the Anterior Pituitary?

A

1) Pars distalis
2) Pars tuberalis
3) Pars intermedia

32
Q

Which is the largest part of the Anterior Pituitary, consisting of cords of epithelial cells specialized to secrete 6 hormones?

A

Pars distalis

33
Q

What are the 6 hormones secreted by the Pars Distalis of the Anterior Pituitary?

A

Growth
Thyroid Stimulating
Adrenocorticotropic
Follicular Stimulating
Leutinizing
Prolactin

34
Q

What is the part of the Anterior Pituitary that surrounds the anterior aspect of the infundibular stalk?

A

Pars tuberalis

35
Q

What is the part of the Anterior Pituitary that is a thin layer of epithelial cells located between the pars distalis and the neurohypophysis?

A

Pars intermedia

36
Q

What are the 2 parts of the Posterior Pituitary?

A

1) Infundibular Stalk
2) Pars nervosa (the posterior pituitary itself)

37
Q

An actual connection that allows for nervous signaling to occur.

A

Posterior Infundibular Stalk

38
Q

What are the two hormones released from the Posterior Pituitary?

A

ADH and Oxytocin

39
Q

Causes decreased excretion of water by the kidneys, and contraction of almost any smooth muscle in the body, although the amount needed for smooth muscle constriction is much more than that needed for antidiuresis.
-Acts on kidney tubules

A

ADH (Antidiuretic hormone or Vasopressin)

39
Q

Causes contraction of the smooth muscle of the uterus during delivery, and in the breast to cause let down of milk.

A

Oxytocin

40
Q

What are the target organs of Oxytocin?

A

Mammary glands and smooth muscle of the uterus

41
Q

Which of the 6 hormones released by the Anterior Pituitary does NOT target a specific gland?

A

Growth Hormone (Somatotropin) affects almost all tissues of the body

42
Q

What are the target organs of FSH and LH?

A

Gonads & testes

43
Q

What is the target organ of Prolactin?

A

Mammary glands

44
Q

What is the target organ of ACTH?

A

Adrenal Cortex

45
Q

What is the target organ of TSH?

A

Thyroid Gland

46
Q

Which hormones stimulate the production of hormones by a peripheral endocrine gland, the liver, bone, or other tissues?

A

GH
TSH
ACTH
LH
FSH

47
Q

Which hormones act directly on target tissues?

A

Prolactin
ADH
Oxytocin

Adv Pharm 1 (28 decks)

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