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MRCS > Endo Physiology > Flashcards

Endo Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Location of the hypothalamus

A

Forebrain

Floor of third ventricle

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2
Q

Hypophyseal stalk

A

Communication between hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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3
Q

Development of anterior pituitary

A

Outpouching of tissue from oral cavity - ectoderm

Linked to hypothalamus by hypophyseal portal circulation

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4
Q

Development of posterior pituitary

A

Downgrowth of neural tissue

Continuous with hypothalamus

Paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei lie in hypothalamus and project neurons down to posterior pituitary

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5
Q

Production of ACTH

A

Released with MSH and B-endorphin in response to CRH

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6
Q

Dopamine control of prolactin

A

Dopamine inhibits prolactin release

If dopamine levels are lowered (or it can’t access the anterior pituitary) prolactin levels will increase

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7
Q

Paraventricular nucleus

A

Produce oxytocin

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8
Q

Supraoptic nucleus

A

Produces ADH

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9
Q

Prolactin inhibits…

A

GnRH

–> reduction in andogens and oestrogens

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10
Q

Urinary sodium in SIADH

A

ADH –> reabsorption of water in collection ducts

There is increased urinary osmolarity

Volume expansion has occured –> there will be salt wasting and hence Urinary Na >30

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11
Q

Production of triiodothyronine and thyroxine

A

Iodide ions pumped from ECM to follicular cells

Iodide ions converted to iodine

Iodine paired with tyrosine in colloid
Forms monoiodotyrosine
Diiodotyrosine

Coupled to form T3 and T4

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12
Q

Thionamides

A

Competively compete for the thyroid peroxidase enzyme that converts iodide to iodine

Also inhibits coupling of iodotyrosine molecules

Carbimazole
Propylthiourcail
- Propylthiouracil also inhibits the peripheral deiodination of T4

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13
Q

Lugol’s solution

A

Iodide

iodide is thought to work by blocking the binding of iodine with tyrosine residues

+ reduces vascularity of thyroid gland

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14
Q

Pendred syndrome

A

Hypothyroidism + Deafness

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15
Q

Actions of hydroxylated Vitamin D3

A

Increase calcium and phosphate absorption from gut

Increase calcium and phosphate absorption from kidney

Activates osteoclast bone resorption

Promotes mineralisation of osteoid

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16
Q

Actions of calcitonin

A

Produced by parafollicular C-cells

Decreases Ca2+ and phosphate reabsorption
from the renal tubules

Stimulates osteoblasts to mineralise bone and
thus take Ca2+ from the circulation.

17
Q

Ectopic PTH

A

SQUAMOUS CELL lung cancer

18
Q

Vitamin D-resistant Rickets

A

Familial condition

Hypophosphataemia

Phosphoturia

Rickets

19
Q

Adrenal medulla produces

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Dopamine

β-hydroxylase (enzyme involved in catecholamine
synthesis)

ATP

Opioid peptides (metenkephalin and leuenkephalin).

20
Q

Protein-binding of cortisol

A

Transcortin ~ 75%

Albumin 15%

= 10% active

21
Q

Secretion of androgens in the zona reticularis

A

Stimulated by ACTH

NOT LH

22
Q

Causes of Addison’s

A

Autoimmune 80%

TB 20%

Waterhouse-Friderichsen: meningococcal septicaemia –> haemorrhage

23
Q

Secondary causes of Conns

A

Due to increased renin production

Causes:
Renal artery stenosis
CCF
Cirrhosis

  • -> Hypokalaemia
  • -> Fluid overload
  • -> Metabolic alkalosis as H+ secretion in DCT
24
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

Commonest deficiency: 21-Hydroxylase

–> decreased cortisol production

–> Increased ACTH

Vast steroid pre-cursors converted to androgens which causes:
Male - rapid growth and early development of sexual characteristics
Female- Masculinisation of external genitalia + male body shape

25
Q

Half life of insulin

A

10 - 15 minutes

26
Q

Stimulation of insulin

A

Most things stimulate insulin include all of the mediators released in response to food

Inhibitors:

  • Sympathetic input
  • Somatostatin
  • Serotonin
  • Dopamine
  • Cortisol (reduces sensitivity)
27
Q

Necrolytic migratory erythema

A

Sign of glucagonoma

-75% malignant

28
Q

Platelet activating factor

A

Produced in response to IL-1 and TNF-a

Stimulates platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction

29
Q

Ebb and Flow Phase

A

Ebb phase

  • Initial response to injury
  • Phase of reduced energy expenditure and metabolic rate that lasts for approximately 24 h

Flow phase

  • Follows = catabolic phase
  • Increased metabolic rate, hyperglycaemia,
  • Negative nitrogen balance
  • Increased O2 consumption.

MRCS (24 decks)

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