Endo Pharm

Question 1

Long acting Insulins

Answer 1

Glargine, Detemir

Question 2

Glitazones/Thiazolidinediones

Answer 2

“Glitazone”

Pioglitazone, Rosiglitazone

Question 3

DPP-4 Inhibitors

Answer 3

“Gliptin”

- Linagliptin, Saxagliptin, Sitagliptin

Question 4

Rapid Acting Insulins

Answer 4

Lispro, Aspart, Glulisine

Question 5

Sulfonylureas

Answer 5

• First Gen: Tolbutamide, Chlorpropamide

- Second Gen: Glyburide, Glimepiride, Glipizide

Question 6

Amylin Analogs

Answer 6

Pramlintide (Injectable)

Question 7

Short Acting/Intermediate Insulins

Answer 7

Regular and NPH

Question 8

Biguanides

Answer 8

Metformin

Question 9

alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

Answer 9

Acarbose, Miglitol

Question 10

GLP-1 Analogs

Answer 10

Exenatide, Liraglutide (Injectable)

Question 11

Mech: Binds to PPAR-gamma nuclear transcription receptor to increase insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissue.

Answer 11

Glitazones/Thiazolidinediones

Question 12

Mech: Increases insulin and decreases glucagon release.

Answer 12

GLP-1 Analogs and DPP-4 Inhibitors

Question 13

Mech: Binds insulin receptor (tyrosine kinase activity) to increase glucose stored as glycogen in liver, increase glycogen and protein synthesis while increasing K+ uptake in muscles, and to aid TG storage in fat.

Answer 13

Insulin

Question 14

Mech: Exact unknown, decreases gluconeogenesis, increases glycolysis, increases peripheral glucose uptake (insulin sensitivity)

Answer 14

Biguanides (Metformin)

Question 15

Mech: Inhibit intestinal brush-border alpha glucosidases.

Answer 15

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

Question 16

Mech: Delayed sugar hydrolysis and glucose absorption leads to decreased postprandial hyperglycemia.

Answer 16

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

Question 17

Mech: Decreases glucagon

Answer 17

Amylin analogs (Pramlintide)

Question 18

Mech: Closes K+ channel in Beta cell membrane, so cell depolarizes leading to insulin release via increased Ca2+ influx.

Answer 18

Sulfonylureas

Question 19

First line in type 2 DM. (Oral)

Answer 19

Metformin

Question 20

Used for Type 2 DM as mono therapy or in combination

Answer 20

Glitazones/Thiazolidinediones, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

Question 21

Used for Type 1 and Type 2 DM

Answer 21

Amylin Analogs

Question 22

Used for Type 2 DM only

Answer 22

GLP-1 Analogs, DPP-4 Inhibitors, and Sulfonylureas

Question 23

Stimulates the release of endogenous insulin in type 2 DM which requires some islet function so useless in type 1 DM

Answer 23

Sulfonylureas

Question 24

Lowers HbA1C by 1.5%

Answer 24

Metformin

Question 25

Used for Type 1 and Type 2 DM, gestational diabetes, hyperkalemia, and stress-induced hyperglycemia

Answer 25

Insulin

Question 26

SE include GI upset, most serious is Lactic acidosis (thus contraindicated in renal failure)

Answer 26

Biguanides: Metformin

Question 27

SE include GI disturbance

Answer 27

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, Biguanides

Question 28

SE include Hypoglycemia, very rarely HSR

Answer 28

Insulin

Question 29

SE include Weight gain, edema (fluid retention), hepatotoxicity, and heart failure

Answer 29

Glitazones/Thiazolidinediones

Question 30

SE include Hypoglycemia, nausea, and diarrhea

Answer 30

Amylin Analogs

Question 31

SE include Nausea, vomiting, and pancreatitis

Answer 31

GLP-1 Analogs

Question 32

SE include Mild urinary or resp infections

Answer 32

DPP-4 Inhibitors

Question 33

SE include disulfram-like effects (first gen) and hypoglycemia (second gen)

Answer 33

Sulfonylureas

Question 34

Genes activated by this regulate fatty acid storage and glucose metabolism. Activation leads to increased insulin sensitivity and levels of adiponectin.

Answer 34

PPAR-gamma

Question 35

Mech: ADH antagonist (member of the tetracycline family)

Answer 35

Demeclocycline

Question 36

Mech: Blocks peroxidase, thereby inhibiting organification of iodide and coupling of thyroid hormone synthesis.

Answer 36

Propylthiouracil and Methimazole

Question 37

Blocks 5-diodinase which decreases peripheral conversion of T4-T3.

Answer 37

Propylthiouracil

Question 38

Mech: Decreases production of leukotrienes and prostaglandins by inhibiting phospholipase A2 and expression of COX-2.

Answer 38

Glucocorticoids

Question 39

Mech: Thyroxine replacement

Answer 39

Levothyroxine, and triiodothyronine

Question 40

Used for hyperthyroidism

Answer 40

Propylthiouracil and methimazole

Question 41

Used for SIADH

Answer 41

Democlocycline

Question 42

Used for Addison's Disease, inflammation, immune suppression, and asthma

Answer 42

Glucocorticoids

Question 43

Glucocorticoids

Answer 43

Hydrocortisone, prednisone, tramcinolone, dexamethasone, beclomethasone

Question 44

Used to stimulate labor, uterine contractions, milk let-down and controls uterine hemorrhage

Answer 44

Oxytocin

Question 45

Used for hypothyroidism and myxedema

Answer 45

Levothyroxine, triiodothyronine

Question 46

Used for Pituitary DI (central)

Answer 46

ADH (desmopressin)

Question 47

Used for GH deficiency, Turner syndrome

Answer 47

Growth Hormone (GH)

Question 48

Used for Acromegaly, carcinoid, gastrinoma, glucagonoma, esophageal varices

Answer 48

Somatostatin (octreotide)

Question 49

SE include skin rash, agranulocytosis (rare), aplastic anemia, heptotoxicity (propylthiouracil)

Answer 49

Propylthiouracil and methimazole

Question 50

Possible teratogen

Answer 50

Methimazole

Question 51

SE include tachycardia, heat intolerance, tremors, arrhythmias

Answer 51

Levothyroxine, triiodothyronine

Question 52

SE include Nephrogenic DI, photosensitivity, and abnormalities of bone and teeth

Answer 52

Demeclocycline

Question 53

SE include Iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome - buffalo hump, moon facies, truncal obesity, muscle wasting, thin skin, easy bruisability, osteoporosis, adrenocortical atrophy, peptic ulcers, diabetes. - Adrenal insufficiency when drug stopped abruptly after chronic use

Answer 53

Glucocorticoids