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Endocrine First Aid USMLE Step 1 > Endo Pharm > Flashcards

Endo Pharm Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Long acting Insulins

A

Glargine, Detemir

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2
Q

Glitazones/Thiazolidinediones

A

“Glitazone”

Pioglitazone, Rosiglitazone

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3
Q

DPP-4 Inhibitors

A

“Gliptin”

- Linagliptin, Saxagliptin, Sitagliptin

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4
Q

Rapid Acting Insulins

A

Lispro, Aspart, Glulisine

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5
Q

Sulfonylureas

A
  • First Gen: Tolbutamide, Chlorpropamide

- Second Gen: Glyburide, Glimepiride, Glipizide

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6
Q

Amylin Analogs

A

Pramlintide (Injectable)

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7
Q

Short Acting/Intermediate Insulins

A

Regular and NPH

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8
Q

Biguanides

A

Metformin

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9
Q

alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

A

Acarbose, Miglitol

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10
Q

GLP-1 Analogs

A

Exenatide, Liraglutide (Injectable)

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11
Q

Mech: Binds to PPAR-gamma nuclear transcription receptor to increase insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissue.

A

Glitazones/Thiazolidinediones

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12
Q

Mech: Increases insulin and decreases glucagon release.

A

GLP-1 Analogs and DPP-4 Inhibitors

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13
Q

Mech: Binds insulin receptor (tyrosine kinase activity) to increase glucose stored as glycogen in liver, increase glycogen and protein synthesis while increasing K+ uptake in muscles, and to aid TG storage in fat.

A

Insulin

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14
Q

Mech: Exact unknown, decreases gluconeogenesis, increases glycolysis, increases peripheral glucose uptake (insulin sensitivity)

A

Biguanides (Metformin)

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15
Q

Mech: Inhibit intestinal brush-border alpha glucosidases.

A

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

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16
Q

Mech: Delayed sugar hydrolysis and glucose absorption leads to decreased postprandial hyperglycemia.

A

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

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17
Q

Mech: Decreases glucagon

A

Amylin analogs (Pramlintide)

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18
Q

Mech: Closes K+ channel in Beta cell membrane, so cell depolarizes leading to insulin release via increased Ca2+ influx.

A

Sulfonylureas

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19
Q

First line in type 2 DM. (Oral)

A

Metformin

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20
Q

Used for Type 2 DM as mono therapy or in combination

A

Glitazones/Thiazolidinediones, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

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21
Q

Used for Type 1 and Type 2 DM

A

Amylin Analogs

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22
Q

Used for Type 2 DM only

A

GLP-1 Analogs, DPP-4 Inhibitors, and Sulfonylureas

23
Q

Stimulates the release of endogenous insulin in type 2 DM which requires some islet function so useless in type 1 DM

A

Sulfonylureas

24
Q

Lowers HbA1C by 1.5%

A

Metformin

25
Q

Used for Type 1 and Type 2 DM, gestational diabetes, hyperkalemia, and stress-induced hyperglycemia

A

Insulin

26
Q

SE include GI upset, most serious is Lactic acidosis (thus contraindicated in renal failure)

A

Biguanides: Metformin

27
Q

SE include GI disturbance

A

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, Biguanides

28
Q

SE include Hypoglycemia, very rarely HSR

A

Insulin

29
Q

SE include Weight gain, edema (fluid retention), hepatotoxicity, and heart failure

A

Glitazones/Thiazolidinediones

30
Q

SE include Hypoglycemia, nausea, and diarrhea

A

Amylin Analogs

31
Q

SE include Nausea, vomiting, and pancreatitis

A

GLP-1 Analogs

32
Q

SE include Mild urinary or resp infections

A

DPP-4 Inhibitors

33
Q

SE include disulfram-like effects (first gen) and hypoglycemia (second gen)

A

Sulfonylureas

34
Q

Genes activated by this regulate fatty acid storage and glucose metabolism. Activation leads to increased insulin sensitivity and levels of adiponectin.

A

PPAR-gamma

35
Q

Mech: ADH antagonist (member of the tetracycline family)

A

Demeclocycline

36
Q

Mech: Blocks peroxidase, thereby inhibiting organification of iodide and coupling of thyroid hormone synthesis.

A

Propylthiouracil and Methimazole

37
Q

Blocks 5-diodinase which decreases peripheral conversion of T4-T3.

A

Propylthiouracil

38
Q

Mech: Decreases production of leukotrienes and prostaglandins by inhibiting phospholipase A2 and expression of COX-2.

A

Glucocorticoids

39
Q

Mech: Thyroxine replacement

A

Levothyroxine, and triiodothyronine

40
Q

Used for hyperthyroidism

A

Propylthiouracil and methimazole

41
Q

Used for SIADH

A

Democlocycline

42
Q

Used for Addison’s Disease, inflammation, immune suppression, and asthma

A

Glucocorticoids

43
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Hydrocortisone, prednisone, tramcinolone, dexamethasone, beclomethasone

44
Q

Used to stimulate labor, uterine contractions, milk let-down and controls uterine hemorrhage

A

Oxytocin

45
Q

Used for hypothyroidism and myxedema

A

Levothyroxine, triiodothyronine

46
Q

Used for Pituitary DI (central)

A

ADH (desmopressin)

47
Q

Used for GH deficiency, Turner syndrome

A

Growth Hormone (GH)

48
Q

Used for Acromegaly, carcinoid, gastrinoma, glucagonoma, esophageal varices

A

Somatostatin (octreotide)

49
Q

SE include skin rash, agranulocytosis (rare), aplastic anemia, heptotoxicity (propylthiouracil)

A

Propylthiouracil and methimazole

50
Q

Possible teratogen

A

Methimazole

51
Q

SE include tachycardia, heat intolerance, tremors, arrhythmias

A

Levothyroxine, triiodothyronine

52
Q

SE include Nephrogenic DI, photosensitivity, and abnormalities of bone and teeth

A

Demeclocycline

53
Q

SE include Iatrogenic Cushing’s syndrome - buffalo hump, moon facies, truncal obesity, muscle wasting, thin skin, easy bruisability, osteoporosis, adrenocortical atrophy, peptic ulcers, diabetes.
- Adrenal insufficiency when drug stopped abruptly after chronic use

A

Glucocorticoids

Endocrine First Aid USMLE Step 1 (3 decks)

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