Anatomy and Physiology

Question 0

What are the Anterior Pituitary Hormones?

Answer 0

• FLAT PiG

- FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, GH

Question 1

Which Anterior Pituitary Hormones are Basophilic?

Answer 1

• B-FLAT

- Basophils-FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

Question 2

Hormones produced by posterior pituitary and where they are made vs stored?

Answer 2

Vasopressin (ADH) and Oxytocin

- Made in the hypothalamus, stored in the posterior pituitary.

Question 3

What is the post pit derived from vs the ant pit?

Answer 3

Neuroectoderm vs Oral ectoderm (Rathke’s Pouch)

Question 4

Most common adrenal medulla tumor in adults vs children? How do you tell the difference on exam?

Answer 4

• Adults=Pheochromocytoma
• Kids=Neuroblastoma
• Pheochromocytoma causes episodic hypertension while the neuroblastoma does not.

Question 5

Which insulin receptor do you find in RBCs and the brain?

Answer 5

GLUT-1 (insulin independent)

Question 6

Which insulin receptor do you find in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle?

Answer 6

GLUT-4 (insulin dependent)

Question 7

Which insulin receptor do you find in Beta islet cells, liver, kidney, and small intestine?

Answer 7

GLUT-2 (bidirectional)

Question 8

Effects of Insulin

Answer 8

Increase glucose transport, increase glycogen synthesis/storage, increase triglyceride synthesis/storage, increase sodium retention, increase protein synthesis in muscles, increase cellular uptake of potassium and aa’s, decrease glucagon release.

Question 9

What increases insulin release?

Answer 9

Hyperglycemia, GH and Beta2 antagonists

Question 10

What decreases insulin?

Answer 10

Hypoglycemia, somatostatin, and alpha2 agonists

Question 11

TRH Stimulates

Answer 11

TSH and Prolactin

Question 12

Dopamine inhibits

Answer 12

Prolactin

Question 13

CRH Stimulates

Answer 13

ACTH, Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, Beta endorphin

Question 14

Somatostatin inhibits

Answer 14

GH, TSH, Insulin, Glucagon

Question 15

GnRH stimulates

Answer 15

FSH, LH

Question 16

Prolactin Inhibits

Answer 16

• GnRH which inhibits LH and FSH leading to inhibited ovulation in Females and spermatogenesis in males.
• Also inhibits itself by stimulating dopamine synthesis and secretion from hypothalamus.

Question 17

Hormone Signaling Pathway that uses cAMP

Answer 17

• FLAT ChAMP

- FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH (V2 receptor), MSH, PTH, calcitonin, GHRH, glucagon.

Question 18

Hormone Signaling Pathway Using cGMP

Answer 18

• Think Vasodilators

- ANP, NO (EDRF)

Question 19

Hormone Signaling Pathway Using IP3

Answer 19

• GGOAT

- GnRH, GHRH, Oxytocin, ADH (V1 receptor), TRH, histamine (H1), angiotensin II, gastrin

Question 20

Hormone Signaling Pathway Using Steroid Receptor

Answer 20

• VETTT CAP
• Vitamin D, Estrogen, Testosterone, T3/T4,
• Cortisol, Aldosterone, Progresterone

Question 21

Hormone Signaling Pathway Using Intrinsic Tyrosine kinase

Answer 21

• MAP kinase pathway, think Growth Factors

- Insulin IGF1, FGF, PDGF, EGF

Question 22

Hormone Signaling Pathway Using Receptor-associated Tyrosine Kinase

Answer 22

• JAK/STAT pathway, Think Acidophiles and cytokines (PIG)

- Prolactin, Immunomodulators (IL2, IL6, IL8, IFN), GH

Question 23

Functions of T3 - 4 Bs

Answer 23

Bone Maturation, Bone Growth, Beta-adrenergic Effects, Basal Metabolic Rate (Increased)

Question 24

How does T3 affect Beta adrenergics?

Answer 24

Increases Beta1 receptors in heart to increase CO, HR, SV, and Contractility

Question 25

How does T3 increase the metabolic rate?

Answer 25

Increases Na/K ATPase activity which increases O2 consumption, RR, and body temp.

Question 26

Responsible for oxidation and organification of iodide as well as coupling of MIT and DIT

Answer 26

Peroxidase

Question 27

Inhibits both peroxidase and 5 deiodinase

Answer 27

Propylthiouracil

Question 28

Inhibits only peroxidase

Answer 28

Methimazole

Question 29

Excess iodine temporarily inhibits thyroid peroxidase which decreases iodine organification and decreases T3/T4 production

Answer 29

Wolff-Chaikoff Effect