endo drugs

Question 1

how can the classes of oral hypoglycaemics be categorised?

Answer 1

The main classes of oral hypoglycaemic drugs can work in three ways, i.e. secretagogues,
insulin sensitizers
inhibitors of glucose absorption/supply

Question 2

which group of patients are glitazones contraindicated?

Answer 2

CVS disease
they increase risk of MI
exacerbate HF

Question 3

what are the major risks of TZDs/ glitazones?

Answer 3

Weight Gain
Edema: Fluid retention, which can lead to or exacerbate heart failure.

Cardiovascular Risks: Rosiglitazone esp e..g MI

Bone Fractures: Increased risk of fractures, particularly in women.

Bladder Cancer: Pioglitazone esp

Question 4

what are the main side effects of sulphonylureas?

Answer 4

hypoglycaemia
weight gain

Question 5

what are intermediate acting insulins complexes with?

Answer 5

zinc or protamine

Question 6

what electrolyte changes are associated with steroid use?

Answer 6

hypokalaemia
metabolic alkalosis
fluid retenion
hyperNA

Question 7

in panhypopituitarism, what is important when considering replacement?

Answer 7

give corticosteroids before thyroxine as thyroxine may further supress ACTH and lead to adrenal crisis

Question 8

which is more abundant and more active out of the thyroid hormones?

Answer 8

T4 more abundant
T3 more active

T4 converted to T3

Question 9

What do loop diuretics and thiazides do to sodium ?

Answer 9

Loop diuretics increase sodium - have significant loss of water due to affecting osmotic gradient of loop of henle

Thiazides reduce sodium - cause sodium excretion more than loss of water. Loss of water is less significant than in loop diuretics