Endo Flashcards
1
Q
hormones
A
- secreted into blood
- acts on distant targets
- binds to the receptor
- causes changes to the cellular functioning or gene expression
2
Q
types of hormones
A
- peptide
- steroid
- AA derivatives
3
Q
peptide hormones
A
- made of AA
- water- soluable (transported in blood w/t carrier)
- fast acting
- short living
- derived from polypeptide -> transported and modified in Golgi -> packed into vesicle-> released via exodytosis
- usually charged ( need to bind to surface protein to be transported into cell)
- act as a 1st messanger activating the signal cascade
- use 2nd messanger
- ex. cAMP: activate G protein-coupled receptor -> activate/inhibit adenlate cyclease-> increase/decrease cAMP-> phosphorylate CREB -> exert effect
- ex. insulin
4
Q
name common 2nd messangers
A
- cAMP
- Ca
- IP3
5
Q
albumin
A
steroid hormone carrier in the blood
6
Q
steroid hormone
A
- slow-acting
- long-lastin
- cholesterol derived
- produced by gonadsand adrenal cortex
- requires carrier to be transported in blood (ex. albumin)
- easily cross plasma membrane
- intracellular, intranuclear receptors
- hormone-receptor undergoes changes to bind to DNA and cause changes to gene expression (increase/decrease transcription rates)
- ex. estrogen
7
Q
AA derived hormones
A
- derived from 1-2 AA
- have different activity
- NE/ Epinephrine ->act as peptide hormone
- Thyroid hormone -> act as steroid hormone
8
Q
classification of hormones based on target
A
- direct - secreted and act directly on the target tissue (ex. insulin)
- topic - act via intermediate (usually originate in the brain and anterior pituitary)
9
Q
ending of peptide hormones
A
- in (ex. insulin)
- ine (ex thyroxine)
10
Q
ending of steoid hormones
A
- one (ex. testosterone)
- ol (cortisol)
- oid (glucocorticoids)
11
Q
hypophyseal portal system
A
a system of blood vessels that connect hypothalamus to pituitary
12
Q
hypophysis
A
aka pituitary
13
Q
List hormones in hypothalamus-anterior pituitary chain
A
- GnRH -> FSH +LH
- GHRH -> GH
- TRH -> TSH
- Corticotropin releasing (CRH) -> adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Prolactin inhibiting factor -> decreases Prolactin
14
Q
release of prolactin
A
- from anterior pituitary
- happens when hypothalamus stops releasing PIF
15
Q
PIF
A
dopamin
- released from hypothalamus to prevent release of prolactin
16
Q
FSH
A
- anterior pituitary
- peptide
- stimulates follicle maturation
- stimulates spermatogenesis
17
Q
LH
A
- anterior pituitary
- peptide
- stimulates ovulation
- testosterone synthesis
18
Q
ACTH
A
- adrenocorticotropic hormone
- anterior pituitary
- peptide
- stimulates adrenal cortex to synthesize glucocorticoids
19
Q
TSH
A
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone
- anterior pituitary
- peptide
- stimulate thyroid to produce thyroid hormone
20
Q
Prolactin
A
anteiror pituitary
- peptide
- milk production and secretion
21
Q
Endorphines
A
- anterior pituitary
- peptide
- decrease pain
- euphoria
22
Q
GH
A
- anterior pituitary
- peptide
- bone growth
- muscle growth
- increase glood Gluc level
23
Q
ADH
A
- posterior pituitary
- peptide
- increase H2O reabsorp in kidney
- increases permeability of collecting duct to h2o
- aka vasopressin
24
Q
OX
A
- posteior pituitary
- peptide
- uterine contraction during labor
- milk secretion
- promote bonding behavior
25
T3/T4
- follicular cell of thyroid
- act as steoid hormone, but is AA derived from thyrosine
- stimulate metabolic activity
26
calcitonin
- parafollicular cells of thyroid
- peptide
- decrease blood Ca concentration
- osteoblast
27
PTH
- parathyroid
- peptide
- increase blood Ca
- osteoclast
28
Glucocorticoids include
cortisol and cortisone
29
Glucocorticoids
- adrenal cortex
- steoid
- increase blood glucose
- decrease protein synthesis
- anti-inflammator
30
aldosterone
- mineralocorticoids
- adrenal cortex
- steroid
- increase h1o reabsorbsion in kidney by increasing Na reabsorption
- H/ K ion excretion
31
Epi. NE
- adrenal medulla
- AA derived ( act as peptide)
- increase blood gluc
increase HR
- dilate bronchi
- alter blood flow patterns
32
Glucagon
alpha cells in pancreas
- peptide
- glycogen breakdown
- increase glucose concentration
33
Insulin
- beta pancreatic cells
- peptide
- lower blood Gluc level
- increase anabolic process
34
Somatostatin
- gamma pancreatic cells
- peptide
- decreases activity of alpha nad beta pancreatic cells
35
Testosterone
- testis and adrenal cortex
- steroid
- develop+ maint male repro and second. character
36
Estrogen
- ovary and placenta
- steroid
- female repro
37
Progesteron
- ovary and placenta
- steroid
- maintains endometrium
38
melatonin
- pineal
- peptide
- circadian rhythm
39
Erythropoietin (EPO)
- kidney
- peptide
- RBC production
40
ANP
- atria
- peptide
- salt and h2o excretion
41
thymosin
- thymus
- peptide
- T-cell development
42
list steroid hormones
- Thyroid hormones
- adrenal cortex hormones (cortisol, cortisone, aldosterone)
- sex hormones( testosterone, estrogen, progesterone)
43
catecholamine
- epi +NE
44
RAA system
1. low BP
2. juxtaglomelular cell in kidney secrete renin
3. renin activates plasma protein angiotensin I via angiotensinogen
4. angiotensin I activates angiotensin II in lungs
5. angiotensin II stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
6. H2O reabsorption
45
Functions of corticosteroid:
1. Salt (mineralocorticoids: aldosterone)
2. Sugar: (glucocorticoids: cortisol and cortisone)
3. Sex ( androgens and estrogens)
