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MCAT Bio_Kaplan > Endo > Flashcards

Endo Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

hormones

A
  • secreted into blood
  • acts on distant targets
  • binds to the receptor
  • causes changes to the cellular functioning or gene expression
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2
Q

types of hormones

A
  1. peptide
  2. steroid
  3. AA derivatives
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3
Q

peptide hormones

A
  • made of AA
  • water- soluable (transported in blood w/t carrier)
  • fast acting
  • short living
  • derived from polypeptide -> transported and modified in Golgi -> packed into vesicle-> released via exodytosis
  • usually charged ( need to bind to surface protein to be transported into cell)
  • act as a 1st messanger activating the signal cascade
  • use 2nd messanger
  • ex. cAMP: activate G protein-coupled receptor -> activate/inhibit adenlate cyclease-> increase/decrease cAMP-> phosphorylate CREB -> exert effect
  • ex. insulin
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4
Q

name common 2nd messangers

A
  • cAMP
  • Ca
  • IP3
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5
Q

albumin

A

steroid hormone carrier in the blood

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6
Q

steroid hormone

A
  • slow-acting
  • long-lastin
  • cholesterol derived
  • produced by gonadsand adrenal cortex
  • requires carrier to be transported in blood (ex. albumin)
  • easily cross plasma membrane
  • intracellular, intranuclear receptors
  • hormone-receptor undergoes changes to bind to DNA and cause changes to gene expression (increase/decrease transcription rates)
  • ex. estrogen
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7
Q

AA derived hormones

A
  • derived from 1-2 AA
  • have different activity
  • NE/ Epinephrine ->act as peptide hormone
  • Thyroid hormone -> act as steroid hormone
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8
Q

classification of hormones based on target

A
  1. direct - secreted and act directly on the target tissue (ex. insulin)
  2. topic - act via intermediate (usually originate in the brain and anterior pituitary)
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9
Q

ending of peptide hormones

A
  • in (ex. insulin)

- ine (ex thyroxine)

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10
Q

ending of steoid hormones

A
  • one (ex. testosterone)
  • ol (cortisol)
  • oid (glucocorticoids)
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11
Q

hypophyseal portal system

A

a system of blood vessels that connect hypothalamus to pituitary

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12
Q

hypophysis

A

aka pituitary

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13
Q

List hormones in hypothalamus-anterior pituitary chain

A
  1. GnRH -> FSH +LH
  2. GHRH -> GH
  3. TRH -> TSH
  4. Corticotropin releasing (CRH) -> adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  5. Prolactin inhibiting factor -> decreases Prolactin
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14
Q

release of prolactin

A
  • from anterior pituitary

- happens when hypothalamus stops releasing PIF

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15
Q

PIF

A

dopamin

- released from hypothalamus to prevent release of prolactin

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16
Q

FSH

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • peptide
  • stimulates follicle maturation
  • stimulates spermatogenesis
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17
Q

LH

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • peptide
  • stimulates ovulation
  • testosterone synthesis
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18
Q

ACTH

A
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone
  • anterior pituitary
  • peptide
  • stimulates adrenal cortex to synthesize glucocorticoids
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19
Q

TSH

A
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone
  • anterior pituitary
  • peptide
  • stimulate thyroid to produce thyroid hormone
20
Q

Prolactin

A

anteiror pituitary

  • peptide
  • milk production and secretion
21
Q

Endorphines

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • peptide
  • decrease pain
  • euphoria
22
Q

GH

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • peptide
  • bone growth
  • muscle growth
  • increase glood Gluc level
23
Q

ADH

A
  • posterior pituitary
  • peptide
  • increase H2O reabsorp in kidney
  • increases permeability of collecting duct to h2o
  • aka vasopressin
24
Q

OX

A
  • posteior pituitary
  • peptide
  • uterine contraction during labor
  • milk secretion
  • promote bonding behavior
25
Q

T3/T4

A
  • follicular cell of thyroid
  • act as steoid hormone, but is AA derived from thyrosine
  • stimulate metabolic activity
26
Q

calcitonin

A
  • parafollicular cells of thyroid
  • peptide
  • decrease blood Ca concentration
  • osteoblast
27
Q

PTH

A
  • parathyroid
  • peptide
  • increase blood Ca
  • osteoclast
28
Q

Glucocorticoids include

A

cortisol and cortisone

29
Q

Glucocorticoids

A
  • adrenal cortex
  • steoid
  • increase blood glucose
  • decrease protein synthesis
  • anti-inflammator
30
Q

aldosterone

A
  • mineralocorticoids
  • adrenal cortex
  • steroid
  • increase h1o reabsorbsion in kidney by increasing Na reabsorption
  • H/ K ion excretion
31
Q

Epi. NE

A
  • adrenal medulla
  • AA derived ( act as peptide)
  • increase blood gluc
    increase HR
  • dilate bronchi
  • alter blood flow patterns
32
Q

Glucagon

A

alpha cells in pancreas

  • peptide
  • glycogen breakdown
  • increase glucose concentration
33
Q

Insulin

A
  • beta pancreatic cells
  • peptide
  • lower blood Gluc level
  • increase anabolic process
34
Q

Somatostatin

A
  • gamma pancreatic cells
  • peptide
  • decreases activity of alpha nad beta pancreatic cells
35
Q

Testosterone

A
  • testis and adrenal cortex
  • steroid
  • develop+ maint male repro and second. character
36
Q

Estrogen

A
  • ovary and placenta
  • steroid
  • female repro
37
Q

Progesteron

A
  • ovary and placenta
  • steroid
  • maintains endometrium
38
Q

melatonin

A
  • pineal
  • peptide
  • circadian rhythm
39
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A
  • kidney
  • peptide
  • RBC production
40
Q

ANP

A
  • atria
  • peptide
  • salt and h2o excretion
41
Q

thymosin

A
  • thymus
  • peptide
  • T-cell development
42
Q

list steroid hormones

A
  • Thyroid hormones
  • adrenal cortex hormones (cortisol, cortisone, aldosterone)
  • sex hormones( testosterone, estrogen, progesterone)
43
Q

catecholamine

A
  • epi +NE
44
Q

RAA system

A
  1. low BP
  2. juxtaglomelular cell in kidney secrete renin
  3. renin activates plasma protein angiotensin I via angiotensinogen
  4. angiotensin I activates angiotensin II in lungs
  5. angiotensin II stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
  6. H2O reabsorption
45
Q

Functions of corticosteroid:

A
  1. Salt (mineralocorticoids: aldosterone)
  2. Sugar: (glucocorticoids: cortisol and cortisone)
  3. Sex ( androgens and estrogens)

MCAT Bio_Kaplan (3 decks)

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