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MCAT Bio_Kaplan > Embryogenesis > Flashcards

Embryogenesis Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

fertalization

A
  • occurs in ampulla (widening of fallopian tube)
  • sperm + 2 oocyte>release acrosomal enzyme>formation of acrosomal apparatus to penetrate cell membrane>cortical rxn (release of Ca ions) to prevent multiple fertalization and increase metabolic rate of zygote> formation of fertalization membrane
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2
Q

Dizygotic twin

A
  • fraternal twins
  • fertalization of two different eggs released during the same ovulation cycle by two different sperm
  • have own placenta, chorion, amnion
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3
Q

Monozygotic twin

A
  • identical twins
  • classified by the amount of structures they share
  • genetically identical
  • occurs when a single zygote splits into two
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4
Q

Cleavage

A
  • rapid mitotic division that occurs while zygote is moving to the uterus
  • 1st cleavage creates an embryo
  • two types: indeterminate (can still developed into a complete organism) and determinate (results in cell that are committed to differentiate into a certain cell type)
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5
Q

steps after cleavage

A
  1. morula (from more division)
  2. blastula - a hollow ball of cells w/ fluid-filled cavity (blastocoel)
  3. gastrula
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6
Q

Blastula

A
  • filled w/ blastocoel in the cavity
  • consists of two cells:
    1. trophoblast - will develop into chorion and placenta
    2. inner cell mass - give rise to the organism
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7
Q

Chorion

A

extraembryonic membrane that develops into placenta

  • has chorionic villi that penetrate endometrium
  • support gas exchange
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8
Q

umbilical cord

A

consists of:

  • arteries x2: co2 rich to placenta
  • veinx1: O2 rich from placenta into embryo
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9
Q

yolk sac

A

prior to development of placenta supports embryo

- site of early blood cell development

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10
Q

allantois membrane

A
  • early fluid xchange
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11
Q

amnion

A

tough membrane filled with amnionic fluid

  • shock absorber
  • lessening the impact of maternal motion
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12
Q

gastrulation

A

formation of gastula from blastula (w/ invagination called blastopore)

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13
Q

primary germ layer

A
  1. ectoderm (outer)
  2. mesoderm
  3. endoderm (inner)
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14
Q

ectoderm turns into

A
  1. NS
  2. adrenal medulla
  3. integumentary system (epidermis, hair, nails, epithelia of nose, mouse, lower anal canal)
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15
Q

mesoderm turns into

A 
1. muscoloskeletal
circulatory
excretory
gonads
musculat and CT of digestive nad respiratory systems 
adrenal cortex
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16
Q

endoderm

A 
epithelial lining of digestive and respiratory tracts
pancreas
thyroid
bladder
distal urinary tracts
liver
17
Q

induction

A

ability of one group of cells to influence that fate of nearby cells
- usually via chemical substances called inducertys

18
Q

explain dual embryonic origin of adrenal gland

A

medulla - ectoderm

cortex- mesoderm

19
Q

neurulation

A
  • development of NS
  • from ectoderm
  • notochord>neural folds surrounded by neural grooves> folds connect into neural tube (CNS) and tip of each fold are neural crest cells (PNS)
20
Q

determination

A
  • commitment of cells to having a particular function in the future
  • may occur due to: genetic expression, secretion of specific molecules (morphogens).
  • call hasn’t yet produced the products needed to carry out functions of that cell type
  • committed to a particular cell lineage
21
Q

Differentiation

A
  • cell assumes structure, function and biochemistry of that cell type
  • happens after determination
22
Q

describe potency of stem cells

A
  • determines how many different cell types a stem cell can become
  • totipotent>pluripotent>multipotent
23
Q

stem cell

A

not yet differentiated

can give rise to other cell types

24
Q

totiponent

A

-can develop into any kind of cell (embryonic+placenta)

25
Q

pluripotent

A

can develop into any kind of embryonic cell

26
Q

miltipotent

A

can develop into multiple cells within a particular group

27
Q

type of signals in cell-cell communication

A
  1. autocrine - act on the same cell
  2. paracrine - act on the cell in the local area
  3. juxtacrine - cell directly stimulating receptor on the neighbour
  4. endocrine - via hormones that travel to the distant areas
28
Q

Apoptosis

A
  • programmed cell death
  • may occur via apoptotic signal or preprogramming
  • apoptotic blebs - when cell divides into many self-contained pieces and then is digested by other cells w/t leakage of the context
  • necrosis - cell death as a result of injury w/ potential leakage of cell context
29
Q

senescence

A

biological aging

- may be due to shortening of telomeres

30
Q

fetal lungs

A

don’t function until birth

gas exchange occur across placenta

31
Q

umbilical artery

A

carry CO2 rich blood w/ waste products

32
Q

umbilical vein

A

carry O2 blood w/ nutrients

33
Q

1st trimester

A
  • development of major organs
  • hardening of cartilage
  • fairy developed brain
  • growth ~ 9 cm
  • called fetus
34
Q

2nd trimester

A
  • growth
  • movement
  • looks like human
35
Q

3rd trimester

A
  • rapid growth

- further development

MCAT Bio_Kaplan (3 decks)

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