Endo

Question 1

What t-score value on a DEXA scan indicates osteoporosis?

Answer 1

-2.5 or greater

Question 2

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 2

Graves’ disease.

Question 3

Name 2 causes of hyperthyroidism other than graves

Answer 3

1) Toxic multinodular goitre
2) Toxic thyroid adenoma
3) Thyroiditis (de Quervains
4) Drugs

Question 4

What is the most common cause of hypOThyroiditis?

Answer 4

Hashimotos autoimmune thyroiditis

Question 5

What is Graves finger clubbing called?

Answer 5

Acropachy

Question 6

What effect does hyperglycaemia have on sodium levels?

Answer 6

Osmotic diuresis causes loss of water and a rise in sodium

Question 7

What are the (3) features of BACKGROUND diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 7

Hard exudates (cholesterol)
Microaneurysms (“dots”)
Blot haemorrhages

Question 8

What are the 3 stages of damage to the retina in people with poorly controlled blood sugars?

Answer 8

Background diabetic neuropathy
Pre proliferative
Proliferative

Question 9

What are the features of re-proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Answer 9

Cotton wool spots (previously called soft exudates).

Question 10

Cotton wool spots (previously called soft exudates) suggest which of the following?
A. Retinal cholesterol deposits
B. Retinal ischaemia
C. Retinal hypertension

Answer 10

B. Retinal ischaemia

Question 11

What is the management of pre-proliferative AND proliferative retinopathy?

Answer 11

Pan retinal photocoagulation

Question 12

What are the (3) clinical features diabetic nephropathy?

Answer 12

Progressive proteinuria
Increase BP
Deranged renal function

Question 13

Above what level does proteinuria stop being ‘assymptomatic’ and start to be NEPHROTIC?

Answer 13

> 3000mg/24hrs

Question 14

Name 4 interventional strategies for preventing diabetic nephropathy

Answer 14

Diabetic control
Stop smoking
blood pressure control
Inhibition of RAS system

Question 15

What is the commonest cause of adrenocortical failure?

Answer 15

Tuberculous Addison’s disease (worldwide)

Autoimmune Addison’s (UK

Question 16

Which of the following is not a feature of background diabetic retinopathy?
A Hard exudates
B Soft exudates
C Microaneurysms
D Blot haemorrhages
E Leakage of lipids from blood vessels

Answer 16

B Soft exudates

Question 17

Name a Sulphonylurea?

Answer 17

Glicazide

Question 18

Name a Thiazolidenedione?

Answer 18

Pioglitazone

Question 19

What is another name for GLP-1 Agonistats and name one

Answer 19

Incretins (Exanatide)

Question 20

What are the gliptins?

Answer 20

DPP-4 inhibitors

Question 21

What is the next step in the management after lifestyle and metformin?

Answer 21

Option 1 = +sulphonyurea

option 2 = + basal insulin

Question 22

What are the contraindications of metformin ?

Answer 22

CKD