Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology Exam 2 > Endo 4 > Flashcards

Endo 4 Flashcards

1
Q

____ are glands that sit atop the kidneys; consists of outer cortex and inner medulla

A

Adrenal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

_____ is essential for life; secretes corticosteroids, mineralcorticoids, and sex hormones

A

Adrenal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

____ is not essential to life but help to prepare the individual to deal with emergencies; secretes norepinephrine and epi

A

Adrenal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

____ cells secrete catechloamines

A

Chromaffin cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What layer of cortex is outermost?

A

Zona glomerulosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What goes Zona glomerulosa of cortex secrete?

A

Mineralcorticoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mineralocorticoid secretion is regulated by ______

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which layer of cortex is the largest?

A

Zona fasiculata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does zona fasciculata secrete?

A

Glucocorticoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the innermost layer of adrenal cortex?

A

Zona reticularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does zona reticularis secrete?

A

Androgens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What regulates glucocorticoid secretion?

A

CRH and ATCH (Hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenal axis HPA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What regulates androgen secretion?

A

HPA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What cells secrete epi and norepi?

A

Chromaffin cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The _____ is related to the sympathetic nervous system and chromaffin cells secrete the catecholamines epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NE) into the blood.

A

adrenal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What enzyme is involved in the pathway to make aldosterone and cortisol from cholesterol derivatives?

A

21-hydroxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What enzyme is involved in the first step to convert cholesterol into the steroid hormones?

A

Cholesterol desmolase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What enzyme converts cortisol into cortisone?

A

HSD11B2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What enzyme converts cortisone into cortisol?

A

HSD11B1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where are the 2 places in the cell where reactions occur in the cholesterol pathway to make steroid hormones?

A

ER and mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The enzyme that converts cortisol into cortisone (HAD11B2) is found in what 3 places in the body?

A

Kidneys, salivary glands, and sweat glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The enzyme that converts cortisone into cortisol (HAD11B1) is found in what place in the body?

A

Skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where is aldosterone secreted from?

A

Adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What hormone Increases renal tubular reabsorption of Na+ and secretion of K+.Leads to an increase in EC fluid volume and Mean Arterial Pressure?

A

Aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the 3 things that stimulate secretion of aldosterone?

A 
Angiotensin II
High Potassium (Hyperkalemia)
Low Sodium (Hyponatremia)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What 3 places in the body does aldosterone act on?

A

Kidney, sweat glands, and salivary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

______ greatly increases reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium by gland ducts

A

Aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

______ Effect on sweat glands important to conserve body salt in hot environments

A

Aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

______ conserves sodium during high rates of salivary secretion in the salivary glands

A

Aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

_____ is an enzyme released by the cells in the kidneys in response to a variety of stimuli (ex. Sympathetic Nervous system).

A

Renin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

_____ converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I

A

Renin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

______ converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II

A

ACE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

is produced by the endothelium; 1st line treatment for hypertension

A

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)

34
Q

What are the 4 things that Angiotensin II causes?

A

Vasoconstriction, Increased aldosterone secretion, ADH secretion, and thirst stimulation

35
Q

_____ is Caused by adrenal adenoma (benign), adrenal hyperplasia, adrenal carcinoma (malignant); problem occurs in adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa): signs and symptoms: hypertension, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, low plasma renin; treated with surgical removal of tumor or most of adrenal tissue and pharmacological antagonism of the mineralocorticoid receptor

A

Primary Hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome)

36
Q

_______ is caused by decrease blood flow and pressure in renal artery: CHS, Cirrhosis, nephrosis, and renal artery stenosis; Main cause of problem is high plasma renin activity

A

Secondary hyperaldosteronism

37
Q

____ is secreted with any stress; causes mobilization of energy stores and suppresses the immune response

A

Cortisol

38
Q

Where is aldosterone secreted in adrenal cortex?

A

Zona glomerulosa

39
Q

Where is cortisol secreted in adrenal cortex?

A

Zona fasiculata

40
Q

Trauma of almost any type•Infection•Intense heat or cold•Injection of norepinephrine •Surgery•Hypoglycemia•Psychological stress•Almost any debilitating disease all increase ____ release (hormone)

A

Cortisol

41
Q

When does cortisol peak during the day?

A

Morning (8)

42
Q

Is cortisol secreted in a pulsatile manner or circadian rhythm

A

Circadian rhythm

43
Q

____ causes gluconeogenesis, protein mobilization, fat mobilization, and stabilizes lysosomes

A

Cortisol

44
Q

Melanocytes have processing enzymes that form _____ which stimulates formation of melanin pigment.

A

MSH

45
Q

Normally secreted levels of the other hormones are low but high ACTH secretion, which we will discuss in Addison’s Disease, the levels of some of the other hormones can increase. In the case of ____, this can produce changes in pigmentation of the mucus membranes and thin skin.

A

MSH

46
Q

Increased ACTH leads to increase in what other hormone?

A

MSH

47
Q

____ is found in 1000-fold higher circulating conc. (compared to aldosterone), which could potentially cause symptoms of mineralocorticoid excess due to a similar affinity for the mineralocorticoid receptor as aldosterone

A

Cortisol

48
Q

converts cortisol to cortisone in aldosterone-responsive tissues. Cortisone does not bind GC or MR receptors with as high of an affinity as Cortisol.

A

11B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11BHSD of 11HSDB2)

49
Q

A Genetic deficiency of ____ leads to the syndrome AME (Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess).

A

11HSDB2

50
Q

______ functions in the carbohydrate: Stimulation of both gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in liver (increase plasma glucose)2.Anti-insulin action - decreases glucose uptake in muscle and fat but not brain and heart3.Makes diabetes worse by increasing glucose levels, lipid levels, ketone body formation and insulin secretion.

A

Cortisol

51
Q

______ functions in the protein 1.Inhibits protein synthesis and increases proteolysis especially in skeletal muscle (provides source of AA for glycoenogenesis)2. excess leads to muscle weakness, pain due, thin skin and abdominal striae due to protein catabolic effect

A

Cortisol

52
Q

______ functions in the lipid: Promotes lipolysis; shifts energy system from utilization of glucose to fatty acids in times of stress.2.Causes lipid deposition in certain areas (abdomen, interscapular “buffalo hump” and a rounded “moon face”.

A

Corisol

53
Q

Absence of ____ contributes to circulatory failure due to loss of permissive action of catecholamines on blood vessels.•Lack of it also prevents mobilization of energy sources (glucose & free fatty acids) during stress & can result in fatal hypoglycemia; decreases bp

A

cortisol

54
Q

Due to their anti-inflammatory properties, _____ can be used to treat patients with

A

glucocorticoids

55
Q

Glucocorticoid treatment can cause _____: 1)Stimulates bone resorption (via RANK-L expression)2)Inhibits osteoblastic maturation and activity3)Promotes apoptosis of osteoblasts and osteocytes

A

osteoporosis

56
Q

The ______ of adrenal cortex begins to secrete adrenal androgens around age 8 (adrenarche) peaking in the early 20s and then falling with age.1.Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) 2.Androstenedione3.Testosterone

A

Zona Reticularis

57
Q

______ deficiency can result in virilization in newborn females and pseudo-hermaphroditism; decreased ADH, decreased cortisone, increased Androgens

A

21-hydroxylase

58
Q

Normally, the adrenal androgens have only weak effects in ____ but contribute ~50% of active androgens in _____

A

males; females

59
Q

Growth of the pubic and axillary hair and libido in females are due to _____

A

adrenal androgens

60
Q

DHEA and DHEA sulfate are secreted in greater quantities but _______ is more important because it is more readily converted peripherally to testosterone.

A

Androstenedione

61
Q

Conversion to testosterone and 5-dihydrotestosterone occurs in _______

A

peripheral tissues.

62
Q

Virilizing tumors in women are more likely to be caused by ____ tumors.

A

ovarian tumors

63
Q

Excess secretion of adrenal androgens can also occur in what syndrome?

A

Cushing’s syndrome

64
Q

atrophy or injury of adrenal cortex–In about 80% of US cases, atrophy caused by autoimmune destruction of all cortical zones–High ACTH and low corticosteroid production–Loss of glucocorticoid, mineralcorticoid and adrenal androgen secretion

A

Primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s)

65
Q

____ occurs if Pituitary gland unable to secrete enough ACTH–Often Iatrogenic due to abrupt cessation of steroid therapy–Low ACTH and cortisol production–Mineralcorticoid secretion not affected

A

Secondary adrenal insufficiency

66
Q

Adrenal insufficiency from exogenous _____ treatment (which suppresses the HPA axis) is much more common, occurring in 0.5–2% of the population in developed countries.

A

glucocorticoid

67
Q

_____ deficiency signs and symptoms: fatigue, lack of energy; weight loss; myalgia, joint pain; fever; normochromic anemia, lymphocytosis, eosinophillia; sightly increased TSH; hypoglycemia; low bp and postural hypotension; hyponatremia

A

Glucocorticoid deficiency

68
Q

_____ deficiency signs and symptoms: abdominal pain, nausea, vomitting; dizziness, postural hypotension; salt craving; low bp; increased serum creatinine; hypo natremia; hyperkalemia

A

Mineralocorticoid deficiency (Addison’s)

69
Q

_____ deficiency signs and symptoms: lack of energy; dry and itchy skin; loss of llibido; loss of axillary and pubic hair

A

Adrenal androgen

70
Q

_____ is seen in primary adrenal insufficiency due to excess POMC; increase in MSH b/c increased ACTH trying to fix lower cortisol

A

Hyperpigmentation

71
Q

____ is seen in secondary adrenal insufficiency due to deficiency of POMC-derived peptides: decreased ACTH so decreased MSH

A

Alabaster-colored pale skin

72
Q

• skin pigmentation, mucocutaneous junctions lipso intraoral mucosal surfaces, buccal mucosa, palate, lingual surface of the tongueTreatment: corticosteroids immunosuppression o susceptibility to oral candidiasis, recurrent herpes labialis o herpes zoster infections, gingival and periodontal diseases, impaired wound healing

A

Addison’s disease

73
Q
  1. Adenoma of anterior pituitary secretes large amounts of ACTH 2.“Ectopic secretion” of ACTH by non-pituitary tumor such as the lungs 3.“Ectopic secretion” of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) by non-pituitary tumor
A

ACTH-dependent Cushing’s Disease(Secondary Disorder)

74
Q

1.Adenomas of the adrenal cortex overproducing Cortisol 2.Primary nodular hyperplasia of the adrenal gland causing overproduction of Cortisol.

A

ACTH-independent Cushing’s Syndrome(Primary Disorder)

75
Q

Moon facies with erythema and telangiectases of cheeks and forehead, thinning of bones (osteoporosis), easy bruising, delayed healing, thin extremities, fat trunk or abdomen, diabetes mellitus, increased mineralocorticoid are seen in _____

A

Cushing’s

76
Q

 Round, moon face (muscle wasting & fat accumulation) Fragile surface capillaries susceptible to hematomas after mild trauma Acne and excessive facial hair (hirsutism)  Delayed growth and development (skeletal and dental structures) Increased pigmentation of buccal mucosa if due to ACTH excess Immunosuppression:• oral candidiasis• Recurrent herpes labialis• herpes zoster infections• gingival and periodontal diseases• impaired wound healing

A

Cushing’s

77
Q

Increase in aldosterone

A

Conn’s syndrome

78
Q

Increase in cortisol

A

Cushing’s

79
Q

Sudden releases of hormone causing sudden “attack” due to chromaffin cell tumor in the Adrenal Medulla resulting in excessive secretion of EPI and NE; increase in SNS; Occurs in 2-8 in 1 million person per year. Mean age of diagnosis is 40 but tumors can occur from each childhood to late in life;

A

Pheochromocytoma

80
Q

Signs and Symptoms of _____–Hypertension, Tachycardia, Palpitations, Headache, Sweating, Tremors, Weight Loss, Hyperglycemia, Orthostatic Hypotension

A

excess NE & EPI

81
Q

the great masquerader”. Among the presenting manifestations, episodes of palpitation, headache, and profuse sweating are typical, and these manifestations constitute a classic triad

A

Pheochromocytoma

Physiology Exam 2 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions