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Physiology Exam 2 > Endo 2 > Flashcards

Endo 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The ____ pituitary gland is a true endocrine gland.

A

anterior pituitary gland

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2
Q

The ____ pituitary gland contains axon terminals of hypothalamic neurons; site where neurons dumps

A

posterior pituitary

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3
Q

What are the 6 anterior pituitary hormones?

A

Growth Hormone, Adrenocotricotropin (ACTH), Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), and Prolactin

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4
Q

What are the 2 posterior pituitary hormones?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)/Vasopressin and Oxytocin

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5
Q

What hormone is the most secreted hormone (anterior pituitary?

A

Growth hormone

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6
Q

What hormone is the 2nd most secreted hormone (anterior pituitary)?

A

ACTH

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7
Q

_____ are glandular benign tumors involving somatotropic cells can cause gigantism if occurring in children before closure of the long bones’ epiphyseal plates or acromegaly in adults, with musculoskeletal, neurologic, and other medical consequences

A

Adenomas

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8
Q

Neurons in the ______ synthesize and secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones that control the endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary.

A

hypothalamus

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9
Q

The hypothalamic hormones are released into the ______ in the _______

A

primary capillary plexus; median eminence

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10
Q

Thyrotropin releasing hormone secretes what hormone in the anterior pituitary

A

TSH

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11
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone secretes what hormones in the anterior pituitary

A

LH and FSH

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12
Q

Corticotropin releasing hormone secretes what hormone in the anterior pituitary

A

ACTH

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13
Q

Growth hormone releasing hormone secretes what hormone in the anterior pituitary

A

GH

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14
Q

What hormone inhibits GH secretion

A

Somatotropin (GHIH)

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15
Q

Prolactin releasing hormone secretes what hormone in the anterior pituitary

A

Prolactin

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16
Q

What hormone inhibits prolactin

A

Dopamine (PIH)

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17
Q

____ is a peptide hormone, acts directly on target tissues and as a tropic hormone to the liver,

A

GH

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18
Q

What 3 factors increase GH release?

A

Sleep, hypoglycemia, and stress

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19
Q

What 3 factors inhibit GH relases?

A

Aging, disease, and glucose

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20
Q

What does the liver release in response to GH?

A

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)

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21
Q

Is GH secreted in a circadian rhythm or in a pulsatile way?

A

Pulsatile

22
Q

When is GH the highest?

A

Night

23
Q

Peak levels of GH are during what point in life

A

Puberty

24
Q

GHRH, dopamine, catechloamines, excitatory amino acids, and thyroid hormone _____ GH release (stimulate or inhibit)

A

Stimulate

25
Q

Somatostatin, IGF-1, glucose, and FFA ____ GH release (stimulate or inhibit)

A

Inhibit

26
Q

Many of the growth and metabolic effects of GH are mainly produced by ____

A

IGFs

27
Q

IGF-1 is produced in most tissues and acts on neighboring cells in a ____ manner

A

paracrine

28
Q

The ___ is the major site of IGF-1 synthesis

A

liver

29
Q

What hormone functions in Growth in nearly all tissues in the body (increased size of cells, mitosis and differentiation of bone and muscle cells) mainly via IGF-1.1.Amino acid uptake and protein synthesis in most cells. 2.Reduced glucose utilization- decreased uptake, increased hepatic glucose production and increased insulin secretion (insulin resistance; diabetogenic) 3.Mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue (lipolysis) resulting in increased FFA in blood and use of FFA for energy

A

GH

30
Q

____ and ______ stimulate chondrogenesis and linear growth

A

IGF-1 and GH

31
Q

Growth hormone excess is called ____ in childhood and ____ in adulthood

A

Gigantism and Acromegaly

32
Q

An excess in _____ are manifested in the following physical traits: coarse facial features, large fleshy nose, frontal bossing, jaw malocclusion, coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus, and increased size of hands and feet

A

GH

33
Q

____ means large head

A

Macrocephaly

34
Q

____ means large jaw

A

Macrognathia

35
Q

____ leads to thick rubbery skin, enlarged nose, and thick lips; macrognathia, macrocephaly, disproportionate mandibular growth, macroglossia, dyspnea, dysphagia, dysphonia, sialorrhea, and sleep apnea

A

GH excess

36
Q

____ is caused by: Hypothalamic disorders•Mutations: GHRH receptor, GH gene, GH receptor, IGF-1 receptor•Combined pituitary hormone deficiencies (panhypopituitarism) •Radiation•Psychosocial deprivation

A

GH deficiency

37
Q

slow linear growth rates•normal skeletal proportions•pudgy, youthful appearance (decreased lipolysis)•in the setting of cortisol deficiency  hypoglycemia are clinical manifestations of _____

A

GH deficiency

38
Q

____ is the most common form of dwarfism. It is an autosomal dominant condition that results from a mutation of FGF-3 receptor in cartilage and brain. This mutation makes the receptor overly active and it inhibits cartilage growth at growth plates so limb growth is reduced (growth of the trunk of the body is not impacted).

A

Achondroplasia

39
Q

The manifestations of _____ in the oral cavity include: small facial appearance, abnormal tooth and face formation, tooth crowding and malocclusion, high tendency for plaque accumulation, solitary median maxillary central incisors, eruption of primary and permanent dentition and shedding of deciduous teeth are delayed

A

GH deficiency

40
Q

Contains ~100,000 unmyelinated axons of neurons whose cells bodies are in the hypothalamus (Paraventricular nucleus and Supraoptic nucleus).

A

Posterior pituitary

41
Q

IN the blood vessels, _____ function in Contraction of vascular smooth muscle via V1 receptors

A

ADH

42
Q

In the renal tubules, ____ function in Binds to V2 receptors in the late distal tubule and collecting duct. –Aquaporin-2 (AQP-2) proteins are then inserted into the apical membrane of tubular epithelial cells, allowing for water reabsorption (along with AQP-3 and AQP-4 on the basolateral membrane).

A

ADH

43
Q

Decreased Blood Volume (Isotonic),Increased Osmolarity (Isovolemic), and Decreased Blood Pressure stimulate ____ release

A

ADH Secretion

44
Q

Decreased or absent feeling of thirst, which results in reduced intake of water and can cause Hypernatremia.•A common problem in elderly people, but is also associated with lesions in the hypothalamus (thirst center), head trauma, occult hydrocephalus or subarachnoid hemorrhage.

A

Hypodipsia

45
Q

Normally changes in _____ stimulate ADH Secretion by the Posterior Pituitary

A

Osmolarity

46
Q

Diabetes Insipidus (DI)–(Neurogenic/Central and Nephrogenic/Peripheral) and Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH) are imbalances of ____

A

ADH

47
Q

____ is increased ECF conc. of Na in the plasma

A

Hypernatremia

48
Q

Due to either insufficient production (Neurogenic/Central) or lack of kidney response (Nephrogenic/Peripheral) to ADH.•Presentation with Polyuria: Excretion of a large volumes of urine that is hypotonic and tasteless (insipid)•Diagnostic test includes a dehydration test in a controlled environment. •Other causes of polyuria include:1.Primary ingestion of excess fluid: Primary Polydispia 2.Increased metabolism of ADH (ex. pregnancy)

A

Diabetes Insipidus

49
Q

Excretion of a large volumes of urine that is hypotonic and tasteless (insipid)

A

Polyuria:

50
Q

Increased and uncontrolled secretion of ADH that causes volume expansion and hyponatremia. •Can result from surgery, pain, stress, temperature changes, tumor, TB, Pneumonia, positive pressure breathing, Hydrocephalus, Meningitis, HIV, etc.Diabetes Insipidus

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

51
Q

What homrone Stimulates contraction of the uterus towards the end of gestation. •Causes milk ejection from the breasts in lactation

A

Oxytocin

Physiology Exam 2 (6 decks)

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