Endo 2

Question 1

Hormone producing structures

Answer 1

Endocrine organs within the hypothalamus-pituitary gland-peripheral target cell (HPTC) axes
Endocrine cell groups - pancreatic islets, adnrenal medulla
Dispersed endocrine cells- gut hormones

Question 2

Pituitary gland is divided into?

Answer 2

Posterior pituitary  (neurohypophysis)
-ADH (vasopressin)
-oxytocin 
Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) 
-GH
_adrenocorticotropin
-TSH
-prolactin, FSH, LH

Question 3

The pituitary gland lies at ________________ and is connected to the hypothalamus by the? It is protected by the?

Answer 3

base of the brain
connected to hypothalamus by pituitary stalk
Protected by splenoid bone

Question 4

Which structure is retained into adult life in many mammals but has largely disappeared by puberty in human beings

Answer 4

The pars intermedia

Question 5

Release of hormones from posterios pituitary is controlled by?

Answer 5

nerve signals

Question 6

Release of hormone from anterior pituitary is dependent on?

Answer 6

hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones that are secreted into the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal vessels

Question 7

Non reproductive hypothalamic hormones

Answer 7

CRH
-regulates secretion of ACTH
TRH
-regulates secretion of TSH
GnRH
-regulates secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormones, LH and FSH

Question 8

Three major families of anterior pituitary hormones

Answer 8

POMC family (peptides)
somatomammotropic family (proteins)
Glycoprotein family

Question 9

POMC family anterior pituitary hormones include

Answer 9

ACTH
-regulates adrenal cortex function
MSH
-skin pigmentation in response to UV radiation 
End: beta-endorphin-
-analgesic roles in CNS
Enk: enkephalin- analgesic role in fetus

Question 10

Somatomammotropic family released from anterior pituitary hormones

Answer 10

GH: growth hormone - growth and metabolic regulation
Prl: Prolactin: lactation (adipocytes glucose/lipid metabolism)
SL: somatolactin

Question 11

Glycoprotein family in the anterior pituitary

Answer 11

TSH
FSH
LH

Question 12

Significance of pituitary hormones

Answer 12

these 3 families govern all metabolic, reproductiv and stress related pathways

Question 13

Cellular composition of the pars distalis

Answer 13

Chromophils
-acidophils (60%) eosin/pink- lactotropes, somatotropes
-basophils (35%) hematoxilin/blue- thyrotropes, corticotropes
Chromophobes
-epithelial cells (amphophils)
Intermediate lobe
-chromophobic cells (melanotropes)
Posterior pituitary - magnocellular neurons, non-myelinated

Question 14

What is convertase?

Answer 14

the enzymes that cleave POMC

Different convertases give rise to different products

Question 15

All the POMC peptides operate through different forms of the ?

Answer 15

G-protein- linked melanocortin receptors (MC-Rs)

Question 16

MC1-R

Answer 16

the primary alpha MSH-R (>ACTH)

• melanocytes- cell proliferation and melanin synthesis
• immune system cells- anti-inflammatory actions

Question 17

MC2-R

Answer 17

the primary ACTH-R

• adrenal cortex- stimulation of glucocorticoid and androgen synthesis
• adipocytes- stimulates lipolysis

Question 18

MC3-R

Answer 18

interacts with y-MSH > alpha MSH

• CNS - hypothermia region
• Heart- bradycardia and hypotension

Question 19

MC4-R

Answer 19

all MSH isoforms and ACTH

-CNS - inhibition of feeding behaviour, appetite

Question 20

MC5-R

Answer 20

alpha MSH > gamma -MSH

-adipocytes, adrenal, leukocytes, gonads, CNS, pituitary

Question 21

Pars nervosa has

Answer 21

octapeptide hormones

oxytocin and ADH

Question 22

Oxytocin

Answer 22

Milk let down
contraction of uterus during labour
smooth muscle contraction during female and male orgasm

Question 23

ADH

Answer 23

Regulates water excretion from kidneys - increases permeability of CD to water

Question 24

ADH increased by

Answer 24

barorecptors of the carotid, aortic and pulmonary vessels 
pain
nausea
emoitons
drugs