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end of year revision Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the three states of matter

A

solid liquid and gas

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2
Q

describe the volume of the states of matter

A

solid and liquid have a definite volume. gases have no definite volume-they always fill the container they’re in

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3
Q

describe the shape of the states

A

solids have a definite shape. liquids match the shape of their container and gasses become the same shape as the container.

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4
Q

describe the density of the states

A

solids usually have a high density, liquids usually have medium density gasses have very low density.

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5
Q

describe the compressibility of the states.

A

solids and liquids are not easily squashed gasses are easily squashed.

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6
Q

describe the particles in a solid

A

they have the least energy and a regular arrangement. they are very close together.

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7
Q

describe the particles in a liquid

A

they have more energy, they move past each other freely. they are quite dense. they have some forces of attraction.

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8
Q

describe the particles in a gas

A

they have the most energy and weak attraction. there’s a low density.

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9
Q

what is the process called when a gas become a solid or vice versa

A

deposition sublimation

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10
Q

what is the process called for a solid going to a liquid and vice versa

A

melting. freezing.

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11
Q

what is the process called when a liquid becomes a gas or vice versa

A

boiling. condensing.

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12
Q

what is the direction of a heating curve.

A

top right to bottom left.

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13
Q

what is the direction of a cooling curve

A

bottom left to top right.

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14
Q

what do the straight lines mean in a heating of cooling graph.

A

there is a change in state

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15
Q

what is an atom

A

it is a tiny tiny particle made out of protons+ neutrons= and electrons-.

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16
Q

what is an element

A

it is a substance that contains only one type of atom ex: copper. all elements have different properties.

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17
Q

what is a compound

A

a substance which contains to or more elements chemically bonded together.

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18
Q

what is a mixture

A

a substance made of two or more elements not chemically bonded.

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19
Q

what is diffusion

A

it is when a gas spreads out across a place from an area of high concentration to a low one.

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20
Q

what is a substance called that dissolves in a liquid

A

soluble

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21
Q

describe solute solvent and solution

A

substance to be dissolved. The other is a solvent. The solvent is the one doing the dissolving. the solution is the solute dissolved in the solvent.

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22
Q

what is dissolving

A

Where a solid is taken into the liquid and is not visable yet its still there

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23
Q

Give an example of dissolving

A

Salt in water

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24
Q

what is a solubility curve

A

a graphic representation of the variation with changing temperature of the solubility of a given substance in a given solvent.

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25
Q

what goes on the y axis on a solubility graph

A

it the solubility because temperature is on the x axis

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26
Q

what is filtration and what does it require

A

it is to filter something ex: water and salt

it needs filter paper.

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27
Q

what could evaporation separate

A

it would separate a mixture of liquids of a solution ex: salt dissolved in water.

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28
Q

what does chromatography separate

A

Paper chromatography is used to separate mixtures of soluble substances.

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29
Q

what is distillation

A

it is the separation of two liquids by heating and then cooling.

Bunsen burner, tripod, gauze heatproof mat, distillation flask condenser and a flask for the clean and separated water.

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30
Q

what is a tendon

A

it is a joint that joins muscles to your bone

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31
Q

what are antagonistic muscles

A

these are muscles that work in pairs.

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32
Q

what is a ligament

A

it is a tissue that connects bones to other bones.

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33
Q

what are the functions of mitochondria, cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, chloroplasts, cytoplasm, vacuole and nucleus

A

mitochondria=releases energy.
cell wall=Supports and strengthens cell.
cell membrane=Controls which substances can enter and exit
ribosomes=makes protein
chloroplasts=photosynthesis
cytoplasm=where the majority of the chemical reactions take place
vacuole=holds cell sap
nucleus=controls cell activities and carry genetic information to pass to the next generation.

34
Q

what is a unicellular organism

A

it is a living thing made up of only one cell

35
Q

give an example of a cell

A

blood cell, egg cell, nerve cell. etc:

36
Q

give an example of a tissue

A

ligament

37
Q

give an example of an organ

A

heart, brain.

38
Q

give an example of an organ system

A

reproductive system, circulatory system, respiratory.

39
Q

what is respiration

A

it is releasing energy from glucose.

40
Q

examples of specialized cell

A

root hair cell, nerve cell, sperm cell, egg cell, red blood cell, white blood cell.

41
Q

give an example of an adaptation the nerve cell has

A

it is very long to carry signals far.

42
Q

describe the female reproductive system

A

they have two ovary’s and they are connected to an oviduct . at the lower end of the womb there is a cervix; its a ring of muscle that keeps the baby in place during pregnancy. The vagina is a tube that leads from the cervix to the outside of the body.

43
Q

describe the male reproductive system

A

There are 2 testes contained in a bag of skin called the scrotum. when ejaculating the sperm pass through the sperm ducts and mix with fluids produced by the glands. The fluids provide the sperm cells with nutrients. The urethra is the tube inside the penis.

44
Q

how does fertilization occur

A

it happens when a sperm cell manages to break it’s way into a egg cell. if two sperm cell break in there are twins. if the egg splits while its been fertilized there are identical twins

45
Q

what is a method of contraception

A

a condom or mini pill or family planning are all methods a condom is a barrier method a mini pill is through chemicals and family planning is timing the mensural cycle correct.

46
Q

what happens one month after fertilization

A

the embryo is 6mm long and has a brain heart eyes ears and legs.

47
Q

what happens 9 weeks after fertilisation

A

the body is now 25mm long and is fully formed it is now called a foetus

48
Q

what happens 3 months after fertilisation

A

the foetus is 54mm long and looks much more like a baby

49
Q

what happens 5 months after fertilisation

A

it is now 160mm it kicks and fingernails can be felt

50
Q

what happens 7 months after fertilisation

A

the foetus is 370mm long and has a fair chance of living if it were born at this stage

51
Q

what happens 39 weeks after fertilisation (8-9 months)

A

the baby is fully developed and ready to be born

52
Q

what are Factors affecting the development of the foetus

A

smoking drinking alcohol taking drugs

53
Q

what are the 3 steps for plant reproduction

A

Step one: After pollen has landed on the stigma, it grows a pollen tube down through the style to the ovary.
Step two: The nucleus of the pollen grain travels down the pollen tube and fertilises the nucleus in the ovule.
Step three: The fertilised ovule develops into a seed.

54
Q

name 3 methods of seed dispersal

A

helicopter
wind or rocket
and water

55
Q

what is energy

A

potential to perform work

56
Q

what are the 7 stores of energy

A

kinetic magnetic thermal gravitational chemical elastic and electrostatic

57
Q

how is energy made

A

(this is a trick question)

it can’t be created or destroyed only transferred

58
Q

what is heat

A

total kinetic energy of a substance,

59
Q

what is temperature

A

it is the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object.

60
Q

what is thermal expansion

A

it is when a substance has been heated and has expanded because of it an example of this would be a thermometer the hotter it is the more the liquid rises

61
Q

what is mass

A

it is the amount of matter in an object

62
Q

what is density

A

it is how tightly packed matter is in. how much mass there is in a given area. a solid is more dense than a liquid.

63
Q

what is conduction

A

when an object is heated the particles in it will bounce around more the hot particles will collide with the cold particles and they will share the heat until all particles have been heated

64
Q

how does radiation heat transfer work

A

imagen a hot potato sitting next to a cool potato the hot potato would get cooler as it radiates more than it absorbs. for the cool potato it absorbs more than it radiates so it will get hotter.

65
Q

how does heat transfer through convection

A

when heated. The lower layers of the fluid, which are hotter, become less dense. the less dense, hotter part of the fluid rises up. And the colder, denser fluid replaces it. This when this part also gets heated and rises up to be replaced by the colder upper layer.

66
Q

what is the calculation for time

A

distance/speed

67
Q

what do you measure time in

A

minuets, or seconds

68
Q

what is the calculation for distance

A

speed x time

69
Q

how do you measure distance

A

usually in meters but in some cases km of cm

70
Q

what is the equation for speed

A

distance/time

71
Q

what is speed usually measured in

A

m/s

72
Q

what is relative motion

A

relative motion is the speed of an object in the rest frame of another object or observer

73
Q

what is the calculation for relative motion when someone is moving in the same direction

A

faster object minus the slower

74
Q

what is the calculation for relative motion when there moving in different directions

A

you add the speeds together

75
Q

what is the formula triangle for acceleration

A

final speed- initial speed
////////////////////////////////////
accelerationx time

76
Q

what does a distance time graph show when its a straight line

A

its stationary

77
Q

what does a distance time graph show when its a diagonal line

A

constant speed

78
Q

what does a distance time graph show when its a curved line going downwards to upwards

A

acceleration

79
Q

what does a distance time graph show when its a curved line going upwards to straight

A

deceleration

80
Q

what does a distance time graph show when its a curved line going diagonally top left to bottom right (straight)

A

constant speed towards home

81
Q

What is the ease of flow of the states of matter

A

Solids dont flow. Liquids and gases flow easily

science (4 decks)

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